Nationalized Industries in the Philippines and Foreign Ownership Limits
100% Filipino-owned only
- Mass media (except recording industries)
- Small-scale mining
- Retail trade with paid-up capital less than USD 2.5 million
- Private security agencies
- Cooperatives
- Utilization of marine resources (small-scale fisheries)
- Land ownership
Legal Basis:
- 1987 Philippine Constitution (Art. XVI, Sec. 11 - Mass Media)
- Retail Trade Liberalization Act (R.A. 8762)
- Cooperative Code (R.A. 9520)
- Private Security Agency Law (R.A. 5487)
- Constitution Art. XII, Sec. 2 (marine resources)
- Constitution Art. XII, Sec. 7 (land ownership restrictions)
Maximum 20% foreign-owned
- Educational institutions established by religious groups or mission boards (80% Filipino, 20% foreign ownership
allowed)
Legal Basis:
- 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Sec. 4(2))
Maximum 40% foreign-owned
- Public utilities (water, electricity, telecom)
- Exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources
- Advertising agencies
- Domestic air transport and shipping
- Condominium corporations (limited exceptions)
Legal Basis:
- 1987 Constitution (Art. XII, Sec. 11) - Public utilities
- Public Service Act (R.A. 11659)
- Constitution Art. XII, Sec. 2 (natural resources)
- Constitution Art. XVI, Sec. 11(2) (advertising)
- Civil Aeronautics Act (R.A. 9497) & Domestic Shipping Act (R.A. 9295)
- Condominium Act (R.A. 4726)
Maximum 60% foreign-owned
- Same as the 40% foreign ownership limit sectors (expressed as needing 60% Filipino ownership)
