Midterm 2 Bio 235 practice | Study notes Biology

Chapters 11-20 BIO235 MIDTERM 2 Practice Questions

Chapter 11: The Muscular System

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue

Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System

Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems

Chapter 17: The Special Senses

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood

Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Chapter 11: The Muscular System

1. A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces that are called the: Effort and Load

2. Which of the following is true? The origin of a muscle on a limb is usually proximal to its insertion

3. What is the action of the gluteus maximus? Extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh

4. The sternocleidomastoid muscles flex the neck, and the splenius cervices muscles extend it: The

Sternocleidomastoid is the prime mover, and the splenius cervices is the antagonist

5. If you dissect on the lateral side of the abdomen, what abdominal muscles, in order from superficial to

deep, would the scalpel go through? External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

6. Which of the following actions does the deltoid perform? Abduction of the arm

7. Which of the following muscles is used in forceful breathing? The diaphragm

8. What is the voltage of a resting membrane potential?

9. What do calcium channels do? Muscle action potentials along t-tubes causes calcium to be pumped out of

sarcolemma and calcium channels to open

10. What do sodium channels do?

11. What muscles flex the thigh? Quadriceps femoris and rectus femoris

12. Where is the central sulcus? It is in the cerebellum, and it separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

13. What is the agonist/prime mover? This exerts the force to move the load

14. What is the descriptive word for the size of a muscle? Vastus=huge

15. What are the Zygomaticus Major and Minor used for? Major directs the motion of upper lip outward and

superiorly + controls smiling. Minor is located anterior towards the major, while supporting the large muscle in

order to shift the upper lip upwards, outwards, and backwards

16. What is an action potential? This occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell

body. Is an explosion/impulse/spike of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current

17. What is spatial summation and how does it work? Spatial summation is the effect of triggering an action

potential in a neuron from one or more presynaptic neurons. This occurs when more than one excitatory

postsynaptic potential (ESPS) originates simultaneously with a different part of the neuron. Temporal

summation occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic

neuro to reach its threshold and fire

18. What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? Maintains the resting membrane potential

19. Between the origin and insertion, which is usually located proximally in limbs? Origin

20. What happens during reverse muscle action? Specific movements of the body are reversed therefore the

positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched

21. Bones serve as levers and joints serve as _________ for the lever. Fulcrums

22. Agonist ________ muscles while antagonists ________ muscles. Contract; relax

23. What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? Compartment

24. What is the origin of the deltoid? Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula

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Chapters 11-20 BIO235 MIDTERM 2 Practice Questions Chapter 11: The Muscular System Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Chapter 17: The Special Senses Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Chapter 11: The Muscular System

A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces that are called the: Effort and Load
Which of the following is true? The origin of a muscle on a limb is usually proximal to its insertion
What is the action of the gluteus maximus? Extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh
The sternocleidomastoid muscles flex the neck, and the splenius cervices muscles extend it: The Sternocleidomastoid is the prime mover, and the splenius cervices is the antagonist
If you dissect on the lateral side of the abdomen, what abdominal muscles, in order from superficial to deep, would the scalpel go through? External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
Which of the following actions does the deltoid perform? Abduction of the arm
Which of the following muscles is used in forceful breathing? The diaphragm
What is the voltage of a resting membrane potential?
What do calcium channels do? Muscle action potentials along t-tubes causes calcium to be pumped out of sarcolemma and calcium channels to open
What do sodium channels do?
What muscles flex the thigh? Quadriceps femoris and rectus femoris
Where is the central sulcus? It is in the cerebellum, and it separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
What is the agonist/prime mover? This exerts the force to move the load
What is the descriptive word for the size of a muscle? Vastus=huge
What are the Zygomaticus Major and Minor used for? Major directs the motion of upper lip outward and superiorly + controls smiling. Minor is located anterior towards the major, while supporting the large muscle in order to shift the upper lip upwards, outwards, and backwards
What is an action potential? This occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. Is an explosion/impulse/spike of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current
What is spatial summation and how does it work? Spatial summation is the effect of triggering an action potential in a neuron from one or more presynaptic neurons. This occurs when more than one excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESPS) originates simultaneously with a different part of the neuron. Temporal summation occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuro to reach its threshold and fire
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? Maintains the resting membrane potential
Between the origin and insertion, which is usually located proximally in limbs? Origin
What happens during reverse muscle action? Specific movements of the body are reversed therefore the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched
Bones serve as levers and joints serve as _________ for the lever. Fulcrums
Agonist ________ muscles while antagonists ________ muscles. Contract; relax
What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? Compartment
What is the origin of the deltoid? Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula

What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings? Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, bicep femoris
What 4 muscles make up the quads? Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedialis
The somatic nervous system only send impulses to _________ muscles. Skeletal Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
Which of the following correctly escribes the function of the nervous system? Sensory: detects changes in the environment, relays information to the brain and spinal cord
DIAGRAM: Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and assists in the circulation of CSF? D
Which of the following is true of a synapse? A synapse is the site where two neurons Or a neuron and an effector meet
This type of neuron has dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body: Unipolar Neuron
A polarized cell: Has a charge imbalance across its membrane, includes most cells of the body, and exhibits membrane potential
The nervous system can distinguish between light touch and a heavier touch by: Changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centres
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to: Remove a neurotransmitter
DIAGRAM: What type of circuit is used to lengthen the output signal in physiological processes like regulation of the breathing pattern? C
What happens at the trigger zones on neurons? Axon hillocks (basically, the beginning of an axon, last space where ESPS and ISPS are summated to see if a threshold potential is met)
DIAGRAM: What are dermatomes? Dermatomes are areas of the skin in which sensory nerves drive from a single spinal nerve root. These are found at the head, face, and neck
What are diverging circuits? The nerve impulse from a single presynaptic neuron causes the stimulation of increasing numbers of cells along the circuit, allowing signals to be amplified
What is the lumbar vs sacral plexus? The lumbar plexus form from the roots (anterior rami) of spinal nerves L1-L4. Unlike the brachial plexus, there is minimal intermingling of fibers in lumbar plexus. This supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs. The Sacral plexus derives from the roots (anterior rami) of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S4. This is found largely anterior to the sacrum, supplying the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs. The large nerve in the body (sciatic) arises from here.
Explain presynaptic and postsynaptic excitations: Presynaptic neurons send the information, and postsynaptic neurons receive the information. Secretory vesicles get released at the synaptic cleft and can have either an ISPS or ESPS effect on that neuron to inhibit or excite the postsynaptic neuron
What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of neuron cell bodies? Ganglia
What type of neuron has one main dendrite and one axon as well as are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory area of the brain? Bipolar neurons
The process of ___________ contact blood capillaries, neurons, and the pia matter. Astrocytes
What type of neuroglia resembles astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes as well as are responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath? Oligodendrocytes
What type of neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give them a spine-like projection as well as act like phagocytes? Microglial cells

What are the responses of postsynaptic membranes to neurotransmitters? Each neuron produces just one type of classic neurotransmitter. Following exocytosis from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell, causing a change in its permeability to ions
Where is the 3rd^ ventricle located in the brain? Between the L and R halves of the thalamus. Narrow slit-like cavity along the midline, superior to the hypothalamus. 1 of 4 brain ventricles filled with CSF
What type of neurons usually has several dendrites and an axon and are normally found in the brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons? Multipolar neurons

Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System

Organs that have dual innervation receive motor impulses from the: Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is not correct? Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia
Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are found on cardiac muscles fibers where their activation stimulates increased force rate and contraction of the heart? B1-adrenergic- cardiac muscle fibers, juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys, posterior pituitary gland, adipose tissue cells
What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine release from the adrenal medullae? Intensify the sympathetic response in all tissues bearing alpha or beta receptors
One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The reflexes are ________, ________, ______, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _______. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles; glands
What do the neurotransmitters ACh, NorEpi, Epi, NO, and dopamine do? ACh or acetylcholine is released by many PNS and some CNS neurons, it is inhibitory and excitatory, inactivation is done by AChE or acetylcholinesterase. NorEpi or Norepinephrine is used by the sympathetic division of the ANS at the post- ganglionic organ-level (synapse). Epi or Epinephrine (adrenaline) is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. NO or Nitric Oxide is an unstable radical formed via oxidative deamination of L-arginine by the NO synthase. Has activity to evoke release of other neurotransmitters including ACh, catecholamines, and neuroactive amino acids. Dopamine is made by the body; the nervous system uses it to send chemical messages between nerve cells. This helps us feel pleasure, to think and make plans
What is the function of the Reticular Activating System? Regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention
Where is the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex located? Parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus pf each cerebral hemisphere in the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe
Which brain wave occurs during sleep in adults and in awake infants? Theta waves
Fight or flight is associated with which division of the ANS? Sympathetic Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
Place events in a stretch reflex in the order in which they occur: Stimulation of muscle spindle, generation of impulse by muscle spindle, propagation of impulse along sensory neuron, integration of impulse at synapse in gray matter of spinal cord, activation of motor neuron in anterior gray horn, propagation of motor impulse, release of ACh from motor neuron, stimulation of muscle contraction
Which of the follow is a type of a rapidly adapting touch receptor? Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
Which of the following is an example of a specialized sensory receptor cell that is known as a “separate cell”? Photoreceptor cells in the retina
Which of the following is not correct? Itch occurs in response to mechanical stimulation
DIAGRAM: Which of the labeled structures in the diagram is a lamellated

corpuscle? E

Which of the following is not true? About 10% of the axons of the upper motor neurons decussate in the medulla oblongata
Which disorder is characterized by involuntary periods of sleep that occur throughout the day? Narcolepsy

Chapter 17: The Special Senses

Special sense receptors: Are specialized structures found at specific locations in the head and are parts of the neural pathways that are more complex than those of general senses
DIAGRAM: Which of the labeled papillae are mushroom-shaped elevations that can contain about 5 taste buds each? B
Which is the correct flow of tears? Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? The photoreceptor undergoes hyperpolarization
Where will a nerve impulse that arose from a ganglion cell terminate? In the thalamus
Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials? Organ of Corti
A patient had a stroke that damaged her facial nerve. In addition to changes in the ability to make facial expressions, which of the following might be observed by the patient? Increased sensitivity to sound
Which of the following are structures of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear that are involved in the dynamic and static equilibrium? Vestibule, saccule, cochlear duct, and semicircular ducts
Where do first-order neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate? In the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei of the medulla oblongata
What is astigmatism, near-sightedness, and far-sightedness? Astigmatism is when the eye does not refract light evenly on the retina, leading to blurry vision at any distance. Near-Sightedness causes individual to see close, not far. Far-Sightedness causes individual to see far, but not close
John had a bad day, while shaving he made a 5mm cut on his chin; later, he made a 5cm cut on the palm of his hand while opening a box. Why did the palm injury hurt more? The hand cut triggered sensory impulses with greater frequencies and pain receptors than on his chin
What is the taste bud that disappears when you’re an adult? Foliate papillae, which is located on the back lateral aspects of the tongue
What is the retina? A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are light sensitive and trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where visual image is formed
What is the Cochlea? A hollow, spiral shaped bone found in the inner ear that plays a key role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction. Sound waves are transduced into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain as individual frequencies of sound
What is the function of the middle ear? Conveys sound vibrations to the oval window
Define Transduction: The conversion of stimulus energy to a graded potential in a sensory receptor
What is the function of the basilar membrane in the ear? Vibration due to pressure waves in the endolymph which moves the hair cells of the spiral organ to create nerve impulses for hearing
What is the purpose of binocular vision? To perceive depth and the 3D nature of objects

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