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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in microbiology, focusing on the immune system's response to bacterial infections. It includes definitions, explanations, and examples of various immune system components, mechanisms, and processes. The document also presents a series of questions and answers, offering a valuable resource for students studying microbiology.
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Antibodies - ✔✔How the immune system fights off contamination of bacteria Antibodies Duties/Roles - ✔✔1. Neutralization: binds to the H so antigen can't attach to our cells.
Basophils - ✔✔WBC that doesn't show up on a blood test. Not much is known; they do help with the immune reaction Biological Vector - ✔✔disease-carrying organism such as flea, tick, guinea worm Chemical Factors - ✔✔The low pH of our stomach kills pathogens. The lower the pH, the better. Chemotaxis - ✔✔Attraction. They move to higher concentrations and HAVE to attach to bacteria. Coagulase - ✔✔A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot. Most makes clots when there is an infection. Makes the clot so that bacteria can hide. Commensalism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (ex: Flora grows in our body and benefits from us, we are unaffected.) Complement Proteins - ✔✔Proteins made in the liver that recognize general signals. (people who are always sick might have a mutation in this protein)
IgG - ✔✔Small, soluble, crosses placenta and gets deep into tissues. Does all functions. Best! IgM - ✔✔1st antibody produced (only works in complement) Pretty crappy antibody. illness - ✔✔state of being sick; worst s/s, infectious Immunoglobin - ✔✔Attached to B cell receptors. (you need T cells to tell B cells what antibody to make) inactivated vaccine - ✔✔Vaccine composed of killed bacterial cells/inactivated virus. Not alive! Ex: flu vaccine incubation period - ✔✔no signs or symptoms, but possibly infectious (think about warming up the incubator) indigenous - ✔✔Native; ex: resident flora (on or within body). If they are destroyed, it can cause CDIF, yeast infections, etc. Inflammation S/S - ✔✔Pain (pressure), heat, swelling (more blood, more heat). NSAIDs decrease inflammation. Innate (non-specific) Immunity - ✔✔Non-specific, works against more than one pathogen. Prevents you from getting sick. Ex: skin (an excellent barrier), urine & tears (physical 'flushes') Interferons - ✔✔Protein made by immune system. Innate mechanism against viruses. Triggers inflammation. Kinases - ✔✔Breaks blood clots, can let bacteria get into blood because immune system makes clots in vessels near bacteria LD50 (lethal) - ✔✔Lethal dose - the point at which 50 percent of the test population die from a toxin. Louis Pasteur - ✔✔Created 1st vaccine Lymphocytes - ✔✔B & T cells Lysozyme - ✔✔Enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan - the cell wall of all bacteria. This enzyme is in our tears and saliva. Macrophage - ✔✔In the blood. Eats bacteria. The garbage man because they clean the area. Lives even after eating bacterial cells and parasites. ex: Dendritic Cells (remember: 'Mac' the Trashman) Mechanical Vector - ✔✔Carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts; ex: flies, roaches. The animal was likely on feces --> then on the food. Memory Plasma cells - ✔✔Goes into blood and releases one or two antibodies per second so that we have antibodies in the blood. (ex: when drawing a titer to see if we have memory plasma cells towards tetanus) (need tetanus imm. q 8 yrs) MHC Class 1 - ✔✔Endogenous antigens. Found on every nucleated cell (so, not on RBCs) Presents endogenous antigens to T cells.
T cell is looking for antigen, but can only see antigen if its bound to MHC. MHC Class 2 - ✔✔Exogenous antigens. Found only on antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells and macrophages. Presents exogenous antigens to HELPER T cells. Monocytes - ✔✔Become macrophages. Dendritic cells are macrophages Mutualism - ✔✔A relationship between two species in which both species benefit. (ex: Bees gather nectar, but they also spread pollen to flowers benefitting flowers, so they have a mutualistic relationship) Naturally Active - ✔✔chicken pox Naturally Passive - ✔✔IgG to infant breastmilk. Only lasts as long as you get them. Neurotoxins - ✔✔It is a type of exotoxin; toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells Neutralism - ✔✔Neither species benefits or is harmed Neutrophils - ✔✔The most abundant WBC. 1st to infection. Recognize general signals - opsonization - it is an innate response since they can recognize general signals. One and done. They are tattletales because they alert the immune system that there is a problem. Non-Specific (innate) - ✔✔Duties:
Virulence - ✔✔the extent of pathogenicity (ability to produce disease); can infect us by getting past immune system Whooping Cough (Pertussis) - ✔✔Infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Adults usually get this subclinically since they are not up to date on booster. It is known as the 100 - day cough. The rise in the disease is thought to be caused by the change of the vaccine which is much less effective than previous. Current vaccine is DTAP. In children & infants, this disease can cause vomiting due to coughing violently and can also cause cracked ribs. This bacteria can be eradicated if everyone was vaccinated. Humans should receive vaccine q 3 years.