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Part 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMS AND
MEDICAL LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMS AND MEDICAL LANGUAGE
Medical terms - words used to describe disease, as well as aspects of medicine and health care. Four types of Medical Terms: Greek and Latin word parts Eponyms Acronyms Modern Language Medical Language or Terminology – use of medical terms to attain a standardized means of communication within the practice of medicine and in the healthcare industry Hippocrates and Aristotle – first people to study and write about medicine. Adopting elements of Greek language to use alongside Latin. Hence, the term in used today are built from Greek and Latin word parts. Word parts of Greek and Latin origin placed together to form terms that can be translated literally to find their meanings. FOR EXAMPLE: ARTHR/ITIS THESE TERMS ARE CATEGORIZE AS “TERMS BUILT FROM WORD PARTS” - MEANING THEY CAN BE TRANSLATED TO FIND THEIR MEANINGS Language of medicine has evolved and they now include eponyms, acronyms, and terms from modern language Eponyms - terms derived from a name or place (for example: Alzheimer Disease) Acronyms - are terms formed from the first letters of a phrase (for example: MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) Modern language - terms from the English language, which are often descriptive of technology and procedures (for example: complete blood count with differential) THESE TERMS ARE CATEGORIZED AS “TERMS NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS IN THIS TEXTBOOK” - MEANING THEY CANNOT BE EASILY TRANSLATED TO FIND THEIR MEANINGS ALZHEIMER DISEASE VS ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE The need for clarity and consistency in medical language has resulted in the modern trend to eliminate the possessive form of eponyms and use instead the non-possessive form. The NON-POSSESSIVE FORM is observed by the Association for Healthcare
Part 1
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMS AND MEDICAL
LANGUAGE
MEDICAL TERMS BUILT FROM WORD PARTS
They are composed of Greek and Latin word roots, prefixes, and suffixes They can be translated to find their meanings A COMBINING VOWEL is often added to ease pronunciation Techniques to learn include ANALYZING, DEFINING, and BUILDING COMBINING VOWEL GUIDELINES AND ITS EXAMPLE
- When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is used if the suffix does not begin with a vowel. For example, arthr/o/pathy
- When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. For example, hepat/ic
- When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction. For example, oste/o/arthr/itis
- When connecting a prefix and a word root, a combining vowel is not used. For example, sub/hepat/ic WORD PARTS AND COMBINING FORM Word root The core of the word hepat/itis hepat – liver ven – vein oste - bone Suffix Attached to the end of a word root to modify its meaning hepat/itis itis – inflammation scopy – visual examination tomy – incision oma – tumor ic – pertaining to ous – pertaining to megaly – enlargement Documentation Integrity, the American Medical Association’s Manual of Style, in most medical dictionaries, and is the style used throughout this textbook. With either use, the noun that follows is not capitalized.
Begin by defining the suffix, then move to the beginning of the term BUILDING Place word parts together to form terms; the beginning of the definition usually indicates the suffix Add combining vowels
Part 2 BODY STRUCTURE, ONCOLOGY, AND LABORATORY
TESTS
Cell – basic unit of all living things, vary in size and shape according to functions. Cell Membrane – forms the boundary of the cell. Cytoplasm – gel-like fluid inside the cell Nucleus – largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center for cellular activity. Chromosomes – Located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in normal human cells, while mature sex cell have 23 Genes – regions within the chromosome. Determines hereditary characteristics DNA – compromise each gene. A genetic material regulates the activities of the cell. Stand for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Tissue – group of similar cells that performs a specific function Muscle Tissue – composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement Nervous Tissue – similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function; found in nerves, spinal cord, and brain. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities Connective Tissue – connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures. Adipose (fat), osseous (bone) tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue. Fibrous tissue is a type of connective tissue that provides strength and stability such as in ligaments and tendons Epithelial Tissue - the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs; and is the major tissue in glands. Glandular tissue is designed to secrete substances such as digestive enzymes. Organ - two or more types of tissues that together perform special body functions. For example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Viscera - large internal organs contained in the body cavities, especially in the abdominal cavity System - group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – consist of skin, nails, and glands. Provide protective covering of the body, regulates body temperature, and help manufacture Vitamin D
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – consist of nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and lungs. Performs respiration, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body URINARY SYSTEM – consist of kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra. Eliminates waste products like urine, maintain fluid volume, maintain electrolyte concentration. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina and mammary gland. Male reproductive system consist of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and any associate tube. Both responsible for hereditary and reproductive CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – consists of heart and blood vessel. Pumps and transport blood throughout the body LYMPATHIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM – consists of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides protection or defense against infections and drainage of extracellular fluid. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – consist of gi tract like mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus as well as accessory parts like liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Prepares food for use by the body cell and eliminates waste MUSCOLOSKELETAL SYSTEM – consists of muscles, bone, and joint. Provides movement and framework, protect vital organs such as brain, stores calcium, and produce red blood cell NERVOUS SYSTEM – consists of nerves, brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs. Receives and send messages. Sensory organs like eye and ear are also considered nervous system ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – consist of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate body activities. CRANIAL CAVITY – space that contains brain SPINAL CAVITY – space that contains spinal cord THORACIC CAVITY – space that contains heart, aorta, lungs, trachea ABDOMINAL CAVITY – space that contains stomach, intestines, kidney, adrenal gland, liver, gallbladder, spleen, ureter PELVIC CAVITY – space that contains urinary bladder, reproductive parts, parts of small and large intestine, anus ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY – both abdominal and pelvic *GENOME – complete set of information in the DNA of a specific organism *GENOMICS – experts study the genome to determine its DNA sequence and perform genetic mapping to help understand disease *MEDICAL GENOMICS – emerging disciplines that uses a person’s individual genome as part of their clinical care *GENE THERAPY – an experimental procedure to treat or prevent disease BODY STRUCTURE COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS DEFINITION Aden/o Gland
PREEFIXES
PREFIX DEFINITION
Dia- Through, complete Dys- Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Hyper- Above, excessive Hypo- Below, incomplete, deficient, under Meta- Above, beyond, change Micro- Small Neo- New Pro- Before SUFFIXES SUFFIX DEFINITION -Ic, -al, -ious Pertaining to -cyte Cell -gen substance or agent causing or producing -genic Producing, originating, causing -logist The one who studies and treat -logy The study of -megaly Enlargement -oid Resemblance -oma Tumor, swelling -opsy View of -osis Abnormal condition (means increases on blood cell) -pathy Disease -plasia Condition of formation, development, growth -plasm Growth, substance, formation -sarcoma Malignant tumor -sis State of -stasis Control, stop, standing MEDICAL TERMS TERM DEFINITONS Cytogenic producing cell Cytology the study of cell Dysplasia abnormal development Epithelial pertaining to epithelium Erythrocyte Red blood cell
Erythrocytosis Increase in the number of red blood cell Histology The study of tissue Hyperplasia Excessive development Hypoplasia incomplete development Leukocyte white blood cell Leukocytosis increase in the number of white blood cell Lipoid resembling fat Myopathy Disease of the muscle Necrosis Condition of death Neuropathy Disease of the nerves Organomegaly Enlargement of organs Somatic pertaining to body Somatogenic Originating in the body Systemic Pertaining to system Visceral pertaining to internal organs ONCOLOGY TERM DEFINITION Adenocarcinoma Cancerous tumour of glandular tissue Adenoma Tumour of glandular tissue ( benign ) Carcinoma Cancerous tumour (malignant) Epithelioma Tumour composed of epithelium ( benign or malignant) Fibroma Tumour composed of fibres (benign) Fibrosarcoma Malignant Tumour composed of fiber Leiomyoma Tumour composed of smooth muscle (benign) Leiomyosarcoma Malignant Tumour composed of smooth muscle Lipoma Tumour composed of fats (benign) Liposarcoma Malignant Tumour composed of fats Melanocarcinoma Cancerous black tumor Melanoma Black tumor (benign) Metastasis Beyond control ( malignant ) Myoma Tumour composed of muscles (benign) Neoplasm New growth ( malignant ) Neuroma Tumour composed of nerves ( benign ) Rhabdomyoma Tumour composed of striated muscle ( benign ) Rhabdomyosarcoma Malignant Tumour composed of striated muscle
Biological Therapy Treatment of cancer with the use of BRM or biological response modifiers. It is where they alter immune’s system interaction with cancer cell to boost the body’s ability to fight diseae TYPES OF LABORATORY TESTS Hematology studies It studies the physical properties of blood, including the number of blood cell in a specimen, bleeding and clotting factor Blood chemistry studies Measures the amount of certain substance in a body like electrolytes, fats, sugars Urine studies Performed on a urine sample to diagnose and monitor urinary tract disease as well as disease related to kidney such as diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, and lupus Microbiology studies Study of microorganism that is causing disease or illness Traditional: Culture and sensitivity Most common studies where they detect presence of pathogens Traditional: Stain and microscopy Looking at a sample under microscope after applying a stain to highlight to suspected microorganism Traditional: biochemical testing Using an enzyme or any other compound that is causing reaction to microorganism Modern: Polymerase Chain Reaction Works with a tiny amount of DNA of unknown pathogen to match against the DNA of known pathogens Modern: Serology test Depends on the antibodies/antigen reactions Serology Test: antibody Substance produced by the person’s immune system to help defend against infection Serology test: antigen Substance produce by the microorganism that triggers the immune response in the body LABORATORY TERMS TERMS DEFINITION DEFINITION Autopsy View of self Postmortem examination
that determines the cause of the death or obtain evidence Biopsy View of life Removal of living tissue from the body to be viewed under the microscope Cytopathology The study of disease in cell Hematology The study of blood Branch of medicine that studies the disease of blood Histopathology The study of disease in tissue The study of tissue sample taken from the patient Microbiology The study of small life The study of microorganism, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses Pathology The study of disease Branch of medicine that studies that causes of disease or death Virology the study of virus Branch of microbiology that studies viruses and viral infections LABORATORY TERMS NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Chemistry panel A series of text performed on a blood sample that give information about multiple systems like kidney, liver, and lungs. It is also responsible for glucose and protein level. It is also called as comprehensive metabolic panel Complete blood count with differential A laboratory test of basic blood screening that measures various aspects of rbc, wbc, and platelets Culture and Sensitivity A test performed on a sample to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria Gene testing Examines DNA, a chemical databased that carries instruction for body’s function. It can also reveal changes in genes that cause illness or disease Specimen Also called as collection sample. A sample of blood, urine, or body tissue that is taken for medical testing
TERMS DEFINITION
Afebrile Without fever Erythema Redness Febrile Fever Inflammation Localized protective response to an injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain Exacerbation Increase in the severity of disease or it’s symptoms Idiopathic Pertaining to disease of unknown origin Morbidity State of being diseased Mortality State of being mortal Bacteria Single celled microorganism that is being reproduced by cell division and can be infected by invading body tissue Fungi An organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surrounding and can be infected by invading body tissue. A single celled fungi called yeast is formed from budding. Multi celled fungi called mold is formed by spore formation Infection Invasion of pathogens on body tissue. Acute infection remains localized if the body’s defense mechanism is effective or else it may become subacute or chronic. Systemic infection occurs when the pathogen causing local infection gains access to lymphatic or vascular system and ma disseminated throughout the body Microorganism A form of life that is too small to be seen without microscope Virus Minute microorganism, much smaller than a bacterium. Characterized by lack of independent metabolism and have the ability to replicated only within living host cell
COMMON PLURAL ENDINGS FOR MEDICAL TERMS
SINGULAR PLURAL
vertebra vertebrae thorax thoraces testis testes appendix appendices carcinoma Carcinomata larynx larynges ganglion ganglia metastasis Metastases ovum ova fungus Fungi biopsy Biopsies Diverticulum Diverticula Bronchus Bronchi Melanoma Melanomata Embolus Emboli Diagnosis Diagnoses Etiology Etiologies staphylococcus Staphylocci Cyanosis Cyanoses Bacterium Bacteria Nucleus Nuclei Pharynx Pharynges Sarcoma Sarcomata Anastomosis Anastomoses pubis Pubes Prognosis Prognoses Spermatozoon Spermatozoa fimbria fimbrae Lipoma Lipomata Histology histologies a Ae ax aces is es ix ices ma mata nx nges on a um a
Radi/o x-ray, ionizing radiation Son/o Sounds Tom/o To cut, section, or slice PREFIXES PREFIX DEFINITION Bi- Two Uni- one SUFFIXES SUFFIX DEFINITION -ad Toward -al Pertaining to -gram The record, radiographic image -graph The instrument used to record, the record -graphy The process of recording, radiographic imaging -ic Pertaining to -ior Pertaining to -logist Physician who studies and treats -logy The study of DIRECTIONAL TERMS TERMS DEFINITION Caudad Toward the tail (downward) Cephalad Toward the head (upward) Lateral Pertaining to the side Medial Pertaining to the middle Unilateral Pertaining to one side Bilateral Pertaining to two sides Mediolateral Pertaining to the middle and to the side Distal Pertaining to away from the point of attachment Proximal Pertaining to near to the point of attachment Inferior Pertaining to below Superior Pertaining to above Caudal Pertaining to tail Cephalic Pertaining to head Anterior Pertaining to the front
Posterior Pertaining to the back dorsal Pertaining to the back Ventral Pertaining to the front (belly) Anteroposterior Pertaining to the front and to the back Posteroanterior Pertaining to the back and to the front *-ior can indicate spatial relationships of body parts to each other throughout the body *Ventral describes the trunk of the body *Ventral cavity is located toward the belly and is made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities *Ventral Hernia is a hernia in the anterior abdominal wall ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS TERM DEFINITION Umbilical region Around the navel Lumbar region Left and right of umbilical region, around the waist Epigastric region Superior to the umbilical region Hypochondriac region Left and right of epigastric region Hypogastric region Inferior to the umbilical region Iliac region Left and right of hypogastric regio, around the groin. Also called as inguinal region ANATOMICAL PLANES TERM DEFINITION Axial Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. Also called as horizontal plane and transverse plane Coronal Vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also called as frontal plane Midsagittal Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into equal left and right portions Parasagittal Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into unequal left and right portions Sagittal Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into left and right sides
Radiography The process of recording x-ray Radiologist The physician who studies x-ray (specifically for diagnosing and treating disease with medical imaging like x-ray, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, and sonography) Radiology The study of x-ray (branch of medicine that diagnose and treat disease with imaging technology like x-ray, ct, nm, sonography Sonogram The record of sound Sonography The process of recording the sound Tomography The process of recording slices *radiography (the process) and radiograph (the record) are both also called x-ray Types of tomography: computed tomograpy (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TERMS (NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS) TERMS DEFINITION Computed tomography Imaging modality that combines x-ray and computer technology that produces detailed, cross sectional images called slices. Oral or intravenous contract image may be given to highlight specific region in the body, resulting in clear image Fluoroscopy Imaging of moving body structure like x- ray movies. X-ray beam is passing through the body part that is being studies, and then the image is being transmitted in the monitor in a real time so the movement can be seen in detail. A contract agent can be used to assess and identify function of different structure Nuclear medicine Imaging of internal structure using a gamma camera to detect radiation from different parts of the body after being given a radioactive material called radioisotopes to patient. Then the computer software will assemble the data to form images called scan Magnetic resonance imaging High strength, computer controlled magnetic fields producing a series of
sectional images called slices to visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infection, tumor, herniated disc Scan Images formed by diagnostic imaging procedure like sensing device and radioisotopes ABBREVIATIONS TERMS DEFINITIONS ant Anterior AP Anteroposterior inf Inferior lat Lateral med Medial PA Posteroanterior sup Superior CT Computed tomography MR Magnetic resonance MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NM Nuclear medicine US Ultrasonography LLQ Left lower quadrant LUQ Left upper quadrant RLQ Right lower quadrant RUQ Right upper quadrant
PART 4: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
TERMS DEFINITION
Skin Organ covering the body ; has many layers ; also called as cutaneous membrane Epidermis Outer layer of the skin ; protects the body from the external environment Keratin Schleroprotein component of horny tissue of epidermis. Also a primary component for hair and nails Melanin Dark pigment produced by melanocytes ; the amount presence determines the skin color
