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Medical terminology - Summary Canadian Nursing Principle, Lecture notes of Nursing

these are med terms nursing student usually will encounter

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 06/06/2025

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CHAPTER 9 OBSTETRICS AND NEONATOLOGY
Obstetrics – branch of medicine that deals with the childbirth and the care of the mother
before, during, and after birth
Neonatology – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnostic and treatment of
disease of the newbirth
TERMS RELATING TO PREGNANCY
TERMS DEFINITION
Gamete mature germ cell
Conception the beginning of the pregnancy, where
sperm enters the ovum. This occurs in
fallopian tube. Also called as fertilization
Zygote cell formed by union of sperm and ovum
Embryo unborn offspring in the stage of
development, from implantation of zygote
until eight weeks of pregnancy. This shows
the rapid growth of embryo
Fetus unborn offspring from ninth week of
pregnancy until birth
Gestation the development of individual from
conception to birth. Also called as
pregnancy
Gestation period the duration of pregnancy usually is about
38 to 42 weeks which can be divided into
three periods called trimester
Implantation the embedded of zygote in uterine lining,
usually begins at 7 days after fertilization
and it continuous for several days
Placenta the structure that grows in the uterine wall
and allows nourishment for fetus
Amniotic sac membranous bag that surrounds the
fetus, also called as amnionic sac or bag of
water
Chorion outer lining of the fetal membrane
Amnion Inner lining of the fetal membrane
Amniotic fluid fluid within the amniotic sac that
surrounds the fetus. Also called as
amnionic fluid
Umbilicus navel; marks the site of attachment of
umbilical cord to fetus
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CHAPTER 9 OBSTETRICS AND NEONATOLOGY

Obstetrics – branch of medicine that deals with the childbirth and the care of the mother before, during, and after birth Neonatology – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnostic and treatment of disease of the newbirth TERMS RELATING TO PREGNANCY TERMS DEFINITION Gamete mature germ cell Conception the beginning of the pregnancy, where sperm enters the ovum. This occurs in fallopian tube. Also called as fertilization Zygote cell formed by union of sperm and ovum Embryo unborn offspring in the stage of development, from implantation of zygote until eight weeks of pregnancy. This shows the rapid growth of embryo Fetus unborn offspring from ninth week of pregnancy until birth Gestation the development of individual from conception to birth. Also called as pregnancy Gestation period the duration of pregnancy usually is about 38 to 42 weeks which can be divided into three periods called trimester Implantation the embedded of zygote in uterine lining, usually begins at 7 days after fertilization and it continuous for several days Placenta the structure that grows in the uterine wall and allows nourishment for fetus Amniotic sac membranous bag that surrounds the fetus, also called as amnionic sac or bag of water Chorion outer lining of the fetal membrane Amnion Inner lining of the fetal membrane Amniotic fluid fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus. Also called as amnionic fluid Umbilicus navel; marks the site of attachment of umbilical cord to fetus

OBSTETRIC AND NEONATOLOGY COMBINING FORMS

TERMS DEFINITION

amni/o Amnion, amniotic fluid Amnion/o Amnion, amniotic fluid Chori/o Chorion Fet/i , fet/o Fetus, unborn offspring Gravid/o Pregnancy Lat/o Milk Nat/o Birth Omphal/o Umbilicus, navel Par/o Bear, to give birth, childbirth, labor Part/o Bear, to give birth, childbirth, labor Peurper/o *puer means child *per means through childbirth *neonat/o = newborn *embryo = em means in and bryo means to bud or to shoot COMBINING FORMS USED WITH OBSTETRIC AND NEONATOLOGY TERMS TERMS DEFINITION Carcin/o Cancer Cepha/o Head Episi/o Vulva Esophag/o Esophagus Hydr/o Water Hyster/o Uterus Olig/o Scanty, few Pelv/i Pelvis Prim/i First Pseud/o False Pylor/o Pylorus, pyloric sphincter Son/o Sound Terat/o *terato literally means monster

  • it could also mean abnormal development Malformation Trache/o trachea Embryo: Em means in and bryo means to shoot or bud PREFIXES PREFIXES DEFINITION ante- Before Dys- Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

Chorioamnionitis Inflammation of chorion and amnion Choriocarcinoma Cancerous tumor of chorion Dystocia Painful, difficult labor Hysterorrhexis Rupture of uterus Oligohydramnios Scanty amnion water Polyhydramnios *also called as hydramnios Many, much amnion water Pseudocyesis False pregnancy NOT BUILD FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Abortion (AB) Termination of pregnancy by the expulsion of uterus of embryo or fetus before viability which is before 20 weeks of pregnancy. SPONTANOUS ABORTION – termination of pregnancy that occurs naturally and this refers to as miscarriage Abruptio placentae Premature separate of placenta from the uterine wall Eclampsia Severe complications and progression of preeclampsia. Eclampsia is a life long threatening disease Ectopic pregnancy Pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, specifically in fallopian tube Placenta previa Abnormally low implantation of placenta in the uterine wall that complete or partial close the cervix. The dilation for cervix can cause separation of placenta to the uterine wall, causing bleeding. With severe hemorrhage, caesarean section is necessary to save mother and child’s life Preeclampsia Abnormal condition that occurs during pregnancy or shortly after the deliver characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria, but with no convulsion. The cure is unknown but if left untreated, it can progress into eclampsia BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION

Microcephalus Small head Omphalitis Inflammation of umbilicus Omphacele Hernia of umbilicus Pyloric stenosis Narrowing pertaining to pyloric cavity Tracheoesophageal fistula Abnormal passageway pertaining to trachea and esophagus NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Cleft lip or palate Congenital split on the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present 9cleft means fissure) Coarctation of the aorta Congenital stenosis or narrowing that occurs in the arch of the aorta Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection Herpe type virus crosses the placenta. Symptoms of newborn include jaundice, microcephaly, developmental delay, and hearing loss. Some infants may not have the symptoms Congenital heart Heart abnormality present at birth Down syndrome genetic condition caused by abnormal chromosomal characterized by varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disease or defects. There is an extra 21st^ chromosome that is why they called it trisomy 21 ) Erythroblastosis fetalis Condition of newborn characterized by hemolysis of the erythrocytes caused by the incompatibility of the mother’s and infant’s blood, occurring when mother’s blood is Rh negative and infant’s blood is Rh positive Esophageal atresia Congenital absence of some part of esophagus where the food from baby’s mouth cant be passed down from mouth to stomach Fetal alcohol syndrome Condition characterized by excessive alcohol consumption by mother during pregnancy. Symptoms may include central nervous system dysfunction and malformation of skull and face

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

TERMS DEFINITION

Amniocentesis surgical rupture to aspirate amniotic fluid (a sterile needle is inserted in the abdominal and uterine wall, using ultrasound to guide the needle. A prenatal test in which fluid is used for the assessment of fetal health and maturity and used to aid in diagnosing fetal abnormalities Pelvic sonography Pertaining to pelvis, the process of recording sound (pelvis ultrasound that is used to evaluate the fetus and pregnancy) also called as pelvic ultrasonography, pelvic ultrasound, and obstetric ultrasonography NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Nuchal translucency screening Ultrasound test to check the back of the fetus’ neck for extra fluid or thickening. It is usually performed between 10 to 13 weeks of pregnancy and along with first semester blood screening test, it may reveal the risk of Down Syndrome and other congenital disease Quad screening Blood test performed during the second trimester which is to measure the four hormone levels that can indicate the risk of congenital disorder. The hormones include alpha fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin can indicate the possibility of down syndrome (trisomy 21), trisomy 18, and neural tube defect such as spina bifida. Also involves ultrasound, amniocentesis, and genetic counselling Apgar score A system for rapid neonatal assessment of 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Five criteria includes heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, response to stimulation and color with 0-2 scale, with 7-10 being considered

normal Chorionic villus sampling A prenatal test that uses a sample in the area of blood supply in the placenta either through abdominal wall or vagina. Usually performed between 10 to 13 weeks of pregnancy and it tests for chromosomal and genetic problem. It has a small risk for miscarriage but it is usually performed in high risk pregnancies or when a screen test is positive for abnormalities BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Amniorrhea Discharge of amnion Amniorrhexis Rupture of amnion Lactorrhea Discharge of milk Antepartum Before childbirth Gravida Pregnant Gravidopeuperal Pertaining to pregnancy and childbirth Intrapartum Pertaining to within labor and childbirth Lactogenic Producing milk Multigravida Many pregnancies Multipara Many births Nulligravida No pregnancies Nullipara No births Para Birth Postpartum Ater childbirth Primigravida First pregnancy Primipara (primip) First birth Puerperal Pertaining to childbirth puerpera childbirth GRAVID/O (PREGNANCY) PAR/O (BIRTH) Nulligravida – no pregnancy Nullipara – no births Primigravida – first pregnancy Primipara – first birth Multigravida – many pregnancy Multipara – many births NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Colostrum a thin, milky fluid secreted by the breast

NOT BUILT FROM WORD PART

TERMS DEFINITION

Congenital anomaly Abnormalities present at birth; found before birth by sonography or amniocentesis Meconium first stool of newborn (greenish black) Gavage Process of feeding through tubes ; for critically ill infants and other who are unconscious, unable to swallow, to weak to eat. Also called as gastric gavage Premature infant Infants born before completing 37 weeks of gestation. Also called as preterm infant Stillborn Born dead (death of a fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy ABBREVIATIONS TERMS DEFINITION CMV Cytomegalovirus FAS Fetal alcohol syndrome RDS Respiratory distress syndrome CVS Chorionic villus sampling AB Abortion CS, C-SECTION Caesarean section IVF In vitro fertilization VBAC Vaginal birth after caesarean OB Obstetrics Multip Multipara NB Newborn Primip Primipara DOB Date of birth EDD Expected date of delivery LMP Last menstrual period CHAPTER 10 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, AND BLOOD The cardiovascular system is composed of heart and a closed network of blood vessel composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins The heart functions as two pumps operating simultaneously. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lung while the left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the

body. The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the body and body tissue takes place in capillaries ORGANS AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITION Heart a muscular shaped organ, size of a fist, located behind the sternum and in between the lungs. The pumping action of the heart circulate blood through out the body. The heart consists of two small upper chambers called right atrium and left atrium and the lower larger chambers called right ventricles and left ventricles. The right atrium receives blood from the body tissue through veins and contracts to fill the right ventricle which then pumps blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives blood from lungs and contracts to fill the left ventricle which pump blood through arteries to body tissue. The atrial septum separates the atria and ventricular septum separates the ventricles Atrioventricular valves ( AV valves ) consist of tricuspid and bicuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle and left atrium and left ventricle respectively. The valves of the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction Semilunar valves Consist of pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery and left ventricle and aorta respectively Pericardium two layer sac, surrounding the heart consisting of external fibrous layer and internal serous layer. The internal layer is then divided into two parts: the outer layer is called parietal pericardium and inner layer is called epicardium or visceral pericardium. Between these is pericardial space that contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates the movement of heart Epicardium the outer lining of the heart; also part of the pericardium

is approximately 90% water and 10% solute which includes proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins. Plasma is 55% of the blood Serum clear watery liquid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed Cells (formed elements) production of new blood cell takes place in bone marrow, a spongy tissue located in some tissue Erythrocytes Red blood cell that carries oxygen Leukocytes white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. There are five types of white blood cell Thrombocytes one of the formed elements that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process. Also called as platelets STEM CELL Hematopoietic stem cells immature cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood Autologous Hematopoietic stemcell transplantation from the patients Synergetic Hematopoietic stem cell for transplantation from identical twins Allogenic Hematopoietic stem cell for transplantation from other individuals Embryonic stem cells earliest stage of development of embryo that has the potential to develop into mature body cell Leukemia cancer that involves WBC Aplastic anemia A disease in which there in an inadequate production of blood cell Multiple myeloma cancer that forms tumor in the bone marrow Lymphoma Cancer that involves lymphoid cell

  • THREE FUNCTIONS OF LYMPATHIC SYSTEM:  Return excessive fluid tissue to the blood  Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from intestine and then transports to the blood  Provides protection against infection and other disease
  • lymph – extracellular fluid that travels away from body tissue toward the heart ORGANS AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITION Lymph Transparent, colorless tissue fluid that contains lymphocyte and monocyte; they travel in one way direction towards the heart Lymphatic vessels transport lymph from body tissue to left and right subclavian veins and empties it to superior vena cava. The lymphatic vessel begins at capillaries that spread throughout the body, merge with large tubes then become duct in chest. They provide a one way flow for lymph from veins to the circulatory system Lymph nodes small spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They are singular or grouped together along with lymph vessels. They filter lymph and keep the bacteria and other foreign materials from entering the heart. It also contains lymphocyte Spleen organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity in between stomach and diaphragm. In adulthood, spleen is considered the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather than the lymph flows in the spleen. Blood is cleansed of microorganism in the spleen. The spleen stores blood and destroy the worn out RBC Thymus gland one of the primary lymphatic organs. It plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around the puberty, the thymus gland shrinks so that the most of the gland is connective tissue ANATOMIC STRUCTURES COMBINING FORMS

Peri- Surrounding, outer Poly Many, much Tachy- fast SUFFIXES SUFFIX DEFINITION -apheresis Removal -ar Pertaining to -centesis Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid -ectomy Excision, surgical removal -emia In the blood -genic Producing, originating, causing -gram The record, radiographic image -graphy The process of recording, radiographic imaging -ia Disease, abnormal state of, condition of -ic Pertaining to -ism State of -itis Inflammation -logist Physician who studies and treats -logy The study of -lysis Loosening, dissolution, separating -megaly Enlargement -oma Tumor, swelling -osis Abnormal condition -ous Pertaining to -pathy Disease -penia Abnormal reduction in number -plasty Surgical repair -rrhage Excessive flow -rrhaphy Suturing, repairing -sclerosis Hardening -scopy Visual examination -stasis Control, stop, standing -stenosis Narrowing, constricting -us Noun suffix, no meaning BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Angioma Tumor composed of vessels

Angiostenosis Narrowing of blood vessels Aortic stenosis Narrowing pertaining to aorta Arteriosclerosis Hardening of artery Atherosclerosis Hardening of yellow, fatty, plaque Bradycardia Condition of slow heart Cardiomegaly Enlargement of heart Cardiomyopathy Disease of heart muscle Endocarditis Inflammation of within heart Ischemia Deficiency in the blood Myocarditis Inflammation of heart muscle Pericarditis Inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart Phlebitis Inflammation of veins Polyarteritis Inflammation of many arteries Tachycardia Condition of fast, rapid heart Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of blood clot and veins Valvulitis Inflammation of valve Angioplasty Surgical repair of blood vessel Atherectomy Excision of fatty plaque Embolectomy Excision of plug Endarterectomy Excision of within artery Pericardiocentesis Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from sac that surrounds the heart Phlebectomy Excision of vein Valvuloplasty Surgical repair of valve Angiography The process of recoding or radiographic imaging of blood vessel Angioscopy Visual examination of blood vessel Aortogram The record or radiographic image of aorta Arteriogram The record or radiographic image of artery Venogram The record or radiographic image of vein Echocardiogram The record or radiographic image of heart using sound Electrocardiogram The record or radiographic image of electrical activity of the heart Electrocardiography The process of recording or radiographic imaging of electrical activity of heart Cardiologist The physician who studies and treats disease of the heart Cardiology The study of heart Atrioventricular (AV) Pertaining to atrium and ventricles Cardiogenic Originating in the heart

extremities. Blood clot or some part of blood clot may be broke off and travel to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism Fibrillation rapid, quivering, uncoordinated movements of the atrium and ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia Heart failure Condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body to supply the tissue and organ oxygens and nutrients. Also called as congestive heart failure (CHF) Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) Disorder of heart due to persistent high blood pressure; it may associated with hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle) and dilation of the chamber of the heart due to thinning and stretching of heart muscle Intermittent claudication Condition of pain, tension, and weakness of limbs that starts when walking is begun, and it increases when walking is no longer possible. It can be completely resolve when patient is at rest. This is caused by the reversible muscle ischemia that occurs in peripheral artery disease Mitral valve stenosis narrowing of mitral valve by scarring, which is usually caused by episode of rheumatic fever Myocardial infarction (MI) death of a portion of myocardium due to lack of oxygen resulting from interrupted blood supply. Also called as heart attack Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Disease in the arteries of arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. Common caused is atherosclerosis. Other causes can be inflammatory disease, emboli, and thrombi formation. Symptom include intermittent claudication. Also called as peripheral vascular disease Rheumatic heart disease Damage to heart muscle or heart valve due to one or two episodes of rheumatic fever Varicose veins Distended or tortuous veins in the lower

extremities Artificial cardiac pacemaker battery powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads in the heart or chamber of the heart to treat abnormal heart rhythms, usually the one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node Automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD) device implanted in the body to continuously monitor the heart’s rhythm. If life threatening arrhythmias, then the device will deliver a shock to convert the arrythmias back to normal heart rhythms Catheter ablation A procedure in which the abnormal cell that triggers the abnormal heart rhythm is being destroyed by a device that heats or freeze the cell Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgical technique to bring a new blood supple to the heart muscle by detouring around the blocked arteries Coronary stent Supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of arteries after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat artery that was occluded by plaque femoropopliteal bypass Surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) surgery in which a balloon is advanced in the coronary artery to the area where the plaque is formed. When the ballon is inflated, the vessel wall will expand, allow blood to flow more freely. Also called as ballon angioplasty Thrombolytic therapy Injection of medication intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots. This is used in an emergency department for acute myocardial infarction Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) Process of radiographic imaging of the blood vessel that subtract or removes structure that is not being studied Doppler ultrasound Study that used high frequence sound waves for detection of blood flow within