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CHAPTER 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory system – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and body cell in a process called respiration or breathing or ventilation. Inhalation/inspiration – air containing oxygen pass through he respiratory tract, beginning with the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and, finally, bronchi to the lungs, then to alveoli then to the blood in tiny blood vessels called capillaries Exhalation/expiration - carbon dioxide passes back from the capillaries to the alveoli and is expelled through the respiratory tract Internal respiration – body cells taking oxygen from the blood and give back carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide – waste produced when oxygen is used to extract energy from food. INHALATION – air containing oxygen -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchial tree -> alveoli EXHALATION - air containing CO2 -> bronchial tree -> trachea ->larynx -> pharynx -> nose ORGANS AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITION Nose Lined with mucous membrane and fine hair ; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the air Nasal septum A partition that separates left and right nasal cavity Para nasal sinuses Air cavities in cranial bone that open into the nasal cavity Pharynx Also called as throat. Serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters through the nasal cavity and or mouth and passes through pharynx and larynx. Food enters the mouth and passes through pharynx and through esophagus Adenoids Also called as pharyngeal tonsils. These are lymphoid tissue located on the posterior well of nasal cavity. Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall of oral cavity and oropharnyx Larynx Also called as voice box. Location of vocal chord. Where the air passes from pharynx to larynxs Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that covers the opening of
larynx and keep the food from entering the larynx during swallowing Trachea Also called as windpipe. Passageway for air coming from larynx to bronchi Bronchi One of the branches from trachea that conducts air into the lungs. Also called as bronchial tree Bronchioles Smallest subdivision of bronchi Alveoli Small sac at the end bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is being exchanged between alveolar wall and capillaries. This is also a term for socket in jaw bone where the teeth fit in Thorax Chest. Part of body in between the neck and diaphragm covered by ribs. Thoracic cavity is a hollow space in between the neck and diaphragm Lungs Two spongelike organs in thoracic cavity. The right lung contains three lobes and left lung contains two lobes Pleural Double folded serous membrane covering the lungs (visceral pleura) an covering the diaphragm (parietal pleura) and in between those space is called pleura cavity which contains fluid Mediastinum Spaces between lungs. It is where heart, esophagus, trachea, blood vessel and other structures are located. Comes from latin word media meaning middle and stare meaning to stand. It literally means to stand in the middle Diaphragm Muscular partition that divides the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. It also helps in breathing process by contract or pulling the air in and relaxation by pushing the air out
- ADAM’S APPLE – large ring of cartilage in larynx and it is also called thyroid cartilage RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COMBINING FORMS TERMS DEFINITION Adenoid/o adenoid Alveol/o alveoli
Endo- within Eu- normal, good Hyper- above, excessive Hypo- below, incomplete, deficient, under Intra- within Neo- new Poly- Much, many Tachy- fast rapid SUFFIXES TERM DEFINITION -al pertaining to -ar, -ary pertaining to -cele hernia, protrusion -centesis surgical puncture to aspirate (with sterile needle) -desis Surgical fixation, fusion -eal pertaining to -ectasis stretching out, dilation, expansion -ectomy excision, surgical removal -emia in the blood -genic producing, originating, causing -ia Diseased, abnormal state of, condition of -ic pertaining to -itis inflammation -logist People who study or treat -logy the study of -meter Instrument used to measure -metry measurement -oid resemblance -oma tumor, swelling -osis abnormal condition -ous pertaining to -plasm formation, growth, substance -plasty surgical repair -pnea breathing -ptysis spitting, coughing -rrhagia Excessive bleeding -rrhea flow, discharge -scope instrument used for visual examination -scopic pertaining to visual examination
-scopy visual examination -spasm sudden, involuntary muscle contraction ( spasmodic comtraction) -stenosis Constriction, narrowing -stomy Creating of artificial opening -thorax chest, chest cavity -tomy incision, cut into
- HERNIA – protrusion of an organ or tissue through a membrane or cavity wall DISEASE AND DISORDER TERMS TERMS DEFINITION Adenoiditis Inflammation of adenoid Alveolitis inflammation of alveoli Atelectasis incomplete expansion of lungs Bronchiectasis dilation of bronchi Bronchitis Inflammation of lungs Bronchogenic carcinoma cancerous tumour originating in bronchus also called as lung cancer Bronchopneumonia diseased state of bronchi and lungs (inflammation of lungs that begins at terminal bronchioles) Bronchospasm spasmodic contraction of bronchi Diaphragmatocele Hernia of diaphragm Epiglottitis inflammation of epiglottis Hemothorax blood in chest cavity Laryngitis inflammation of larynx Laryngospasm spasmodic contraction of larynx Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) Inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi. (acute form is called croup) Lobar pneumonia pertaining to lobe ; diseased state of lungs Nasopharyngitis inflammation of nose and pharynx Pharyngitis Inflammation of pharynx Pleuritis inflammation of pleural Pneumoconiosis abnormal condition of dust in lungs Pneumonia Diseased state of lungs Pneumonitis Inflammation of lungs Pneumothorax air in chest cavity Pulmonary neoplasm pertaining to lungs, new growth Pyothorax pus in chest cavity (epyema) Rhinitis inflammation of nose Rhinomycosis abnormal condition of fungus in nose
laryngotracheobronchitis Cystic fibrosis hereditary disorder caused by excess production of mucous in respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other disease Deviated septum one part of nasal cavity is short because of malformation and injury in nasal septum diphtheria serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membrane of nose and throat. It creates thick gray substance covering the pharynx which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death Emphysema Loss of elasticity in alveoli resulting in distension causing the stretching of lungs. As a result, body does not receive enough oxygen Epistaxis Nosebleed. Also called as rhinorrhagia Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis Chronic progressive lung disease characterized by increasing scarring which reduces the capacity of lungs. Etiology unknown. Affects adult person over the age of 50. Smoking, pollutant, and genetics play a role. Symptoms include dyspnea and dry cough. Can lead to transplant and no cure Influenza Highly contagious and severe viral infection of respiratory tract Obstructive Sleep Apnea *POLYSOMNOGRAPHY – used to diagnose OSA
- CPAP (CONTINIOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE) – treatment during sleep *UPPP (UVULOPALATOPHARYNGOPLASTY) – a surgical procedure Repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep leading to transient period of apnea (absence of breathing), which can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated BP Pertussis Highly contagious viral infection of respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough followed by acute crowning inspiration or whooping. Affects infants that are too young to be vaccinated and adults whose immunity has faded. Also called as whooping cough
Pleural effusion Fluid in pleural cavity caused by disease process or trauma Pulmonary edema Fluid accumulation in alveoli and bronchi, often a manifestation of heart failure Pulmonary embolism Circulation to the lungs is blocked and can be fatal. Blood clots in deep veins of lower extremities is the common cause of pulmonary embolism Tuberculosis Bacterial infectious disease most spread by inhalation of small particles, affecting the lungs. May spread to other organs Upper respiratory infection Also called as cold. It is the infection of nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx usually caused by a virus. SURGICAL TERMS BUILD FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION adenoidectomy Excision of adenoid bronchoplasty Surgical repair of bronchi laryngectomy Excision of larynx laryngoplasty Surgical repair of larynx Laryngotomy Creation of an artificial opening into the larynx Laryngotracheotomy Incision in larynx and trachea lobectomy Excision in lobe pleurodesis Fusion of pleural Pneumonectomy Excision of lungs Rhinoplasty Surgical repair of nose septoplasty Surgical repair of septum sinusotomy Incision in sinuses thoracentesis or thoracocentesis Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from chest cavity. Also called as thoracocentesis thoracotomy Incision in chest cavity tonsillectomy Excision in tonsils tracheoplasty Surgical repair of trachea tracheostomy Creation of an artificial opening into trachea Tracheotomy Incision to trachea
- MESOTHELIOMA – a rare form of cancer most common in the pleura and is most often caused by inhalation exposure to asbestos. DIAGNOSTIC TERMS
peak flow meter Portable instrument used to measure the airflow in early forced exhalation. Helps monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly Pulmonary function tests group of tests performed to measure the breathing capacity and to determine the external respiratory function. When abnormal, this is very useful for distinguishing COPD from asthma. Some test use spirometer Pulse oximetry a non invasive method of measuring the oxygen in blood by a device by attaching it to fingertips Auscultation the act of listening through a telescope for sounds within the body which are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease Percussion The act of tapping a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtain. A dull sound that is normally hollow sound indicates a replacement of air by a fluid or solid waste PPD skin (purified protein derivatives) A test performed on an individual who may have been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD is injected intradermally. Positive test indicates previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis. Also called as TB skin test Stethoscope Instrument used to hear internal body sounds ; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement COMPLEMENTARY TERMS BUILD FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION acapnia Condition of absence of carbon dioxide anoxia Condition of absence of oxygen aphonia Condition of absence of voice apnea Absence of breathing dysphonia Condition of difficulty speaking Dyspnea Difficulty breathing eupnea Normal breathing hemoptysis Spitting of blood or coughing of blood
hypercapnia Condition of excessive carbon dioxide hyperpnea Excessive breathing hypocapnia Condition of deficient carbon dioxide hypopnea Deficient breathing hypoxemia Deficient oxygen in the blood hypoxia Condition of deficient oxygen orthopnea Breathing in a straight position Rhinorrhea Discharge from the nose tachypnea Fast rapid breathing pulmonologist Physician who studies and treats lung disease Pulmonology The study of lung alveolar Pertaining to alveoli bronchoalveolar Pertaining to bronchi and alveoli diaphragmatic Pertaining to diaphragm Endotracheal Pertaining to within trachea intrapleural Pertaining to within pleura laryngeal Pertaining to larynx mediastinal Pertaining to mediastinum mucoid Resembling mucous Mucous *a noun describing a slimy fluid secreted by the membrane lining cavities that lead outside of the body Pertaining to mucous Nasopharyngeal Pertaining to nose and pharynx pulmonary Pertaining to lungs Septal Pertaining to septum Thoracic Pertaining to chest cavity SIGNS AND SYMPTOMPS TERMS DEFINITION Crackles discontinued sound heard primarily through the stethoscope that resembles a sound of rustling of cellophane. Often heard at the base of the lungs posteriorly heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis. Also called as rales Effusion Escape of fluid to the tissue or organs Hyperventilation ventilation of lungs beyond normal body needs Hypoventilation Ventilation of lungs that does not fulfill the
CAP Community-acquired pneumonia CF Cystic Fibrosis COPD Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease Flu Infection HAP Hospital- acquired pneumonia IPF Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis LTB Laryngotracheobronchitis OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea PE Pulmonary embolism / Physical Examination TB Tuberculosis URI Upper respiratory infection SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSTIC, DESCRIPTIVE TERMS DEFINITION SOB Shortness of breath ABG Arterial blood gas AFB Acid-fast bacilli CXR Chest radiograph PFM Peak flow meter PFTs Pulmonary function tests PSG Polysomnography VBG Venous blood gas V/Q scan Lung ventilation / perfusion scan CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure LLL Left lower lobe LUL Left upper lobe RLL Right lower lobe RML Right middle lobe RUL Right upper lobe CO2 Carbon dioxide O2 Oxygen OTHER COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RESPIRATORY CARE TERMS DEFINITION BiPAP Bilevel positive airway pressure CPT chest physiotherapy DPI dry powder inhaler HME heat/moisture exchanger
IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing MDI metered dose inhaler NIPPV Non invasive positive pressure ventilator PEP positive expiratory pressure RT Respiratory therapy SVN small volume nebulizer VAP Ventilator associated pneumonia CHAPTER 6 URINARY SYSTEM ORGANS AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITION Kidney one of the two bean shaped organs located on the each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity where its is anteriorly covered by parietal peritoneum. Its function is to remove the waste products from the blood and aid in maintain the water and electrolyte balance Nephron urine producing microscopic structure. Approximately 1 million nephrons are located in each kidney Glomerulus (plural: glomeruli) *glomerulus is derived from the Latin word glomus meaning ball of thread because they are groups of capillaries located in the nephron’s entrance and it is a resemblance of thread in a ball. Group of capillaries located in the entrance of nephrons. The process of filtering the blood therefore the urine production begins here Renal pelvis Funnel shaped reservoir of kidney that collects urine and passes through ureters hilum Indentation of the medial side of kidney where the renal artery, veins, and pelvis are located and it is also where the ureter leaves the kidney Ureters Twp slender tubes, approximately 10 to 13 inches long, that receive urine from kidney and carry it in the posterior wall of urinary bladder Urinary bladder *comes from blaeddre meaning a blister or windbag a muscular thick hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine. As it fills, the thick muscular organ becomes thin and
Dys- Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Poly- many, much Trans- through, across, beyond SUFFIXES SUFFIX DEFINITION -al Pertaining to -ary pertaining to -cele hernia, protrusion -ectomy excision, surgical removal -emia in the blood -gram the record, radiographic image -graphy The process of recording, radiographic imaging -ia Disease, or abnormal state, condition of -iasis condition -it is Inflammation -liths stone(s), calculus -logists The physician who studies and treats -logy the study of -lysis loosening, dissolution, separating -megaly enlargement -oma tumor, swelling -osis abnormal condition -pexy surgical fixation (-desis is surgical fixation, fusion) -plasty surgical repair -ptosis Dropping, sagging, prolapse -scope instrument used for visual examination -scopy visual examination -stenosis Constricting, narrowing -stomy creation of artificial opening -tomy incision, cut into -tipsy surgical crushing -uria urine, urination DISEASE AND DISORDER TERMS TERMS DEFINITION Cystitis inflammation of bladder Cystocele Hernia or protrusion of bladder
Cystolith Stone in the bladder glomerulonephritis inflammation of glomeruli in kidney Hydronephrosis Abnormal condition of water in kidney Nephritis Inflammation of kidney Nephroblastoma *also called as WILMS TUMOR. The name came from German surgeon Dr. Max Wilms, and describe the tumor is generally a unilateral and can be managed by surgical and oncology treatment Tumor in kidney containing developing cell or germ cell Nephrolithiasis condition of stones in kidney Nephroma tumor in kidney Nephromegaly Enlargement of kidney Nephroptosis drooping, sagging, or prolapse of kidney. It is also called as floating kidney nephroptosis means kidney is no longer held in place and drops out of its normal position. Kidney is usually held in place by a connective and adipose tissue, which is susceptible to injury or disease. truck drivers and horseback drivers are prone to this Pyelitis Inflammation to renal pelvis Pyelonephritis Inflammation of renal pelvis of kidney Uremia Was first used by Pierre Piorry, a French physician urine in the blood it describes the presence of azotemia and signs and symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease, including polyuria (excessive urine), polydipsia (excessive thirst), vomiting, and weight loss. Also related to renal failure. Also called uremic syndrome Ureteritis inflammation of ureter Ureterocele Hernia or protrusion of ureter Ureterolithiasis condition of stones in ureter Urethritis Inflammation of urethra Ureterostenosis Narrowing or constricting of ureter Urethrocystitis Inflammation of urethra in kidney Vesicoureteral reflux *reflux meaning the flow of fluid through a reflux pertaining to bladder and ureter
nephrectomy Excision of kidney nephrolithotomy Incision of kidney to remove the stone nephrolithotripsy Surgical crushing of stones in kidney nephrolysis Loosening, dissolution, separating the kidney nephropexy Surgical fixation of kidney nephrostomy Creating an artificial opening to kidney Pyelolithotomy Incision of renal pelvis to remove stone pyeloplasty Surgical repair of renal pelvis ureterectomy Excision of ureter ureterostomy Creating an artificial opening to ureter urethroplasty Surgical repair of urethra urostomy Creating an artificial opening to urinary system Vesicourethral suspension Suspension relating to bladder and urethra TERMS DEFINITION Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy non invasive surgical procedure to crush stones using an administration of repeated shock waves. Also called as shock waves lithotripsy Fulguration destruction of living tissue with an electric shock ( a method that is commonly used to destroy bladder growths ) Renal transplant
- RENAL FUNCTION REPLACEMENT THERAPIES -HEMODIALYSIS -PERITONEAL DIALYSIS -RENAL TRANSPLANT* surgical implantation of kidney to a patient with an adequate renal function DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TERMS DEFINITION Cystogram The record or radiographic image of bladder Cystography the process of recording or radiographic imaging of bladder Nephrosonography the process of recording or radiographic imaging of kidney using sound Renogram the record/radiographic image of kidney.
Also called as nephrogram Retrograde urogram the record or radiographic image of urinary tract. Retrograde means to move in a direction that is opposite to normal Urogram The record or radiographic image of urinary tract Voiding cystourethrography the process of radiographic imaging of bladder and urethra Cystoscope Instrument used for visual examination of bladder Cystoscopy visual examination of bladder Nephroscopy Visual examination of kidney ureteroscopy visual examination of ureter DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TERMS DEFINITION KUB A simple radiographic images that is used to view kidney, ureter, and bladder to determine the size, shape, and location and it is also used to identify radiopaque calculi to these structures. This is also used to diagnose intestinal stricture. Also called as flat plate abdominal Blood urine nitrogen (BUN) A test to measure the amount of nitrogen present in the blood that normally comes from urea. An increased amount indicates abnormalities in renal function Creatinine a test to measure the waste product present in the body that normally comes from the wear and tea muscle. An elevated amount means impaired kidney function Specific gravity (SG) A test perform in urine specimen to detect the contractioning and diluting ability of kidney Urinalysis A multiple routine test performed in urine specimen. The visual examination and chemical analysis of urine specimen provides screening of blood, glucose, and other substance in the urine and offers a picture o overall health urine culture and sensitivity test perform in a urine specimen to detect the presence of bacteria and yeast; also to
