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CHAPTER 13: EARS
Two functions of ear: hearing and balance The ear is made of up three parts: external, middle, and inner ear The process of hearing begins with auricles -> external auditory canal -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> inner ear -> brain ANATOMY TERM DEFINITION Ear organ for hearing and balance. Contains external, middle, and inner ear or labyrinth External ear Contains auricle and external auditory canal (meatus) Auricle external and visible portion of the ear located on both sides of the head. It directs soundwaves to the external auditory canal. Also called as pinna External auditory canal Short tubes that ends in the tympanic membrane. Its inner portion lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains glands that secretes earwax or cerumen. Also called as external auditory meatus. Middle ear Contains tympanic membrane and tympanic cavity containing ossicles Tympanic membrane semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory canal to the middle ear. It directs soundwaves to the ossicles. Also called eardrum Ossicles bones of the inner ear that transmit soundwaves. It consists of malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrups). The stapes is connected to the oval window to the cochlear of the inner ear. Eustachian tube Passage between middle ear and pharynx. It equalizes the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane Inner ear Consists of labyrinth and the connectors of vestibular and cochlear nerves Labyrinth boney portion of the temporal bone of the skull that consists of cochlear, semicircular canal, and vestibule. The cochlear facilitates hearing. The semicircular canal
and vestibule facilitates balance and equilibrium. Cochlea coiled portion of the inner ear that contains the sensory organ for hearing. Connects to the oval window in the middle ear Semicircular canals and vestibule sensory organ for balance. Contains receptor and endolymph that provides sensory information about the body’s position to maintain equilibrium Vestibulocochlear nerve Paired cranial nerve responsible for hearing and balance. Consist of vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve. Also called as acoustic nerve or auditory nerve Vestibular nerve Conveys information about balance and position from vestibular and semicircular to the brain Cochlear nerve conveys information about hearing, including the frequence and volume from cochlear to the brain Mastoid bone portion of the temporal bone of the skull posterior and inferior to any auditory canal. It contains mastoid air cells that drain to the middle ear cavity behind external auditory canal. Also called as mastoid process COMBINING FORMS OF THE EAR TERMS DEFINITION Audi/o hearing Aur/i ear Cochle/o cochlear Labyrinth/o labyrinth Mastoid/o mastoid bone Myring/o tympanic membrane (eardrum) Ot/o ear Staped/o Stapes Tympan/o middle ear Vestibul/o Vestibule COMBINING FORMS USED WITH EAR TERMS
NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS
TERMS DEFINITION
Acoustic neuroma it is a benign tumor within the internal auditory canal. It can result to hearing loss and may damage the structures of cerebellum as it grows Cholesteatoma Cystlike mass containing epithelial cell and cholesterol occurring the middle ear Meniere disease Chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by sensation to spinning motion, ringing of the ear, aural fullness, and fluctuation hearing loss. Symptoms are related to a change in volume or composition of fluid within labyrinth Otitis externa Inflammation of outer ear Otitis media inflammation of middle ear Ototoxicity Adverse pharmacological reacting causing damage to vestibulocochlear nerve; results to abnormalities in hearing and balance Presbycusis Hearing impairment occurring in age Tinnitus Ringing in the ear Vertigo sense that either one’s own body or the environment is revolving. Indicate an inner ear disease BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Cochlear implant Pertaining to cochlea implant Labyrinthectomy excision of labyrinth Mastoidectomy excision of mastoid bone Mastoidotomy incision of mastoid bone Myringplasty surgical repair of tympanic membrane (eardrum) Myringotomy incision of tympanic membrane (eardrum) Otoplasty surgical repair of ear Stapedectomy Excision of stapes Tympanoplasty Surgical repair of middle ear Tympanostomy creation of artificial opening in middle ear
- cochlear implant – a surgical inserted electronic device that converts sound into electrical impulses. These impulses will stimulate the auditory nerve to carry signal to the
brain which learns to interpret the signal as sound. The damage part of the ear is bypassed. *stapedectomy – performed to restore hearing incase of otosclerosis. The stapes is replaed by prosthesis BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Audiogram the record or the radiographic image of hearing Audiometer The instrument used to measure the hearing Audiometry The measurement of hearing Electrocochleography the process of recording the electrical activity of cochlea Otoscope Instrument used for visual examination of ear Otoscopy visual examination of ear Tympanometer Instrument use to measure the middle ear Tympanometry measurement of middle ear BUILT FROM WORD PART TERMS DEFINITION Audiologist physician who studies and treats hearing Audiology the study of hearing Otolaryngologist The physician who studies and treats ear, nose, and throat. Also called as otorhinolaryngologist Otolaryngology the study of ear, nose, and throat. Also called otorhinolaryngology Aural pertaining to the ear Cochlear pertaining to the cochlea Vestibular pertaining to the vestibule vestibulocochlear pertaining to vestibule and cochlea ABBREVIATION TERMS DEFINITION AOM Acute otitis media BPPV benign paroxysmal positional vertigo OE otitis externa OM otitis media
forms the inward curve of the spine sacrum Next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between two hip bones, forming joints called sacroiliac joints Coccyx Four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone Laminae Flat plates pf bones that form the vertebral arch, the posterior portion of the spinal cord Clavicle Collarbone Scapula Shoulder blade Acromion process Extension of scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder Sternum Breastbone Xiphoid process Lower portion of the sternum Humerus Upper arm bone Ulna and radius Lower arm bone Olecranon process Projection at the proximal end of the ulnar that forms the bony point of elbow Carpal bones Wrist bone Metacarpal bone Hand bones. Also called as metacarpus phalanx Finger and toe bones Pelvis Made up of three bones fused together. Also called as pelvic bones and hip bones Ischium Lower, posterior portion of pelvis on which one sits Ilium Upper, wing shaped part on each side of the pelvis Pubis Anterior portion of pelvis Acetabulum Large socket of the pelvis for the head of the femur Femur Upper leg bone Tibia and fibula Lower leg bones Patella Kneecap Tarsal bone Ankle bone Calcaneus Heel bone Metatarsal Foot bones ORGANS TERMS DEFINITION
Joint Junction of two or more bones which allows for movement. Also called as articulation Cartilage Firm connective tissue found primarily in joints. Articular cartilage covers the contacting surfaces of the bones Meniscus Crescent shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knees Intervertebral disk Cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine Pubic symphysis Cartilaginous joint at which two pubic joints come together anteriorly at the midline Synovia Fluid secreted by synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons Bursae Fluif filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another Ligament Flexible tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to another joint Tendon Band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone aponeurosis Strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscle to bone MUSCLE ORGANS TERMS DEFINITION Muscle A tissue composed of specialized cell with the ability to contract to produce movement; three types of pf muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Fascia Band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separate their layers Skeletal muscle Attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Known for voluntary muscle because we have control over these muscles. Also called as striated muscles Smooth muscle Located in internal organs such as walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They
TERMS DEFINITION
Arthr/o Joint Burs/o Bursae Chondr/o Cartilage Disc/o Invertebral disk Fasci/o Fascia Lamin/o Lamina Menisc/o Meniscus Myo Muscle Myos/o Muscle Synovi/o Synovia, synovial membrane Tendin/o Tendon Ten/o Tendon MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITION Ankyl/o Stiff, bent Electr/o Electricity, electrical cavity Hem/o Blood Kinesi/o Movement, motion Kyph/o Hump Lord/o Bent forward Necr/o Death Rhabd/o Rod shaped striated Petr/o Stone Sarc/o Flesh, connective tissue Scoli/o Curved (lateral)(spine) PREFIXES DEFINITION a- Absence of, without Brady- Slow Dys- Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored Hyper- Above, excessive Inter- Between Intra- Within Micro- Small Poly- Many much Sub- Below, under Supra- Above Syn- Together, joined
SUFFIXES
TERMS DEFINITION
-a Noun suffix, no meaning -ac Pertaining to -al Pertaining to -algia Pain -ar Pertaining to -ary Pertaining to -asthenia Weakness -centesis Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with sterile needle) -desis Surgical fixation, fusion -eal Pertaining to -ectomy Excision, surgical removal -gram The record, radiographic image -graphy The process of recording, radiographic imaging -ia Disease or abnormal state, condition of -ic Pertaining to -is Noun suffix, no meaning -it is Inflammation -malacia Softening -oma Tumor, swelling -osis Abnormal condition -penia Abnormal reduction in number -plasty Surgical repair -rrhaphy Suturing, repair -sarcoma Malignant tumor -schisis Split, fissure -scopy Visual examination -tomy Incision, cut into -trophy Nourishment, development BUILT FROM WORD PARTS TERMS DEFINITION Ankylosis Abnormal condition of stiffness Arthritis Inflammation of joint Bursitis Inflammation of bursae Chondromalacia Softening of cartilage
Bunion Abnormal prominence of a joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal phalangeal joint. It is a common problem, often hereditary, or caused by poorly fitted shoes. Also called as hallux valgus Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of median nerve symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers Compartment syndrome Painful condition caused by increased pressure within muscle that can lead to ischemia; acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency and is caused by severe injury Dislocation Displacement of bones in a joint from their normal alignment. Also called as luxation Exostosis Abnormal benign growth at the surface of the bone. Also called as spur Fracture Broken bome Ganglion cyst Collection of jellylike fluid forming a benign mass arising from joints, most commonly appearing in the wrist, hand, and ankle Gout A disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystal to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. The great toe is frequently affected Herniated disk Rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows contents to be protrude through it. Putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots. Also called as slipped disk, rupture disk, herniated intervertebral disk or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) Lyme disease Infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with borrelia burgdorferi Muscular dystrophy Group of hereditary disease characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness Myasthenia gravis (MG) Chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses
from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently affected ; no true paralysis of the muscle exists Osteoporosis Abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increased in fractures of the ribs Plantar fasciitis Inflammation of the connective tissue of the sole of the foot (plantar fascia) due to repetitive injury ; common cause of heel pain Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Cumulative damage to joint, muscle, or other tissue caused by movements performed over and over. Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic system disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body Rotator cuff disease Damage to one of more of the four tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint due to injury or degeneration Spinal stenosis Narrowing of spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. Either due to congenital or degeneration Spondylolisthesis Forward slipping of one vertebra over another Sprain Abnormal stretching or tearing of ligament (bone to bone) that supports a joint Strain Abnormal stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon Subluxation Partial dislocation of bones in a joint Tarsal tunnel syndrome Painful foot disorder caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it passes through the ankle
dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS NOT BUILT FROM WORD PARTS
TERMS DEFINITION
Crepitus Crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. Also called crepitation Prosthesis Artificial substitute for a missing body part such as limb, joint, and eye Chiropractic System of treatment consist of manipulation of vertebral column Chiropractor Specialist in the manipulation of vertebral column Orthopedics (Ortho) Branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of disease of muscoskeletal system Orthopedist Physician who studies and treate diseases and abnormalities of the musuloskeletal system Orthotics Making and fitting of orthopedic appliance used to support aign, prevent or treat muscukel
spinal cord. Ot cushions the brain and spinal cord from shoch, transport nutrients, and clears metabolic waste product Spinal cord Passes through the vertebral canal extending from medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra. It conducts nerve impulses to and from brain and initiates reflex actions to sensory information without input from the brain Meninges Three layers of membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord Dura mater Tough outer layer of the meninges Arachnoid Delicate middle layer of the meninges. Pia mater Thin inner layer of the meninges Nerve Cordlike structure that made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerve Ganglion Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system Glia Specialized nerve cells throughout the nervous system that support and nourish nerve tissue. Some cells support in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and some cells assist in phagocytosis. They never conduct impulses. Also called as neuroglia neuron Nerve cell bodies that conduct impulses that carry out function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cant be replaced COMBINING FORMS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM TERMS DEFINITIONS Cerebell/o cerebellum Cerebr/o cerebrum Dur/o hard, dura mater Encephal/o brain Gangli/o ganglion Ganglion/o ganglion Gli/o glia
Mening/o meninges Meningi/o meninges Myel/o spinal cord Neur/o Nerve Poli/o gray matter Radicul/o nerve root Rhiz/o nerve root COMBINING FORM TERMS DEFINITION Angi/o vessel, blood vessel Blast/o Germ cell, developing cell Cephal/o Head Crani/o cranium Embol/o plug Esthesi/o Sensation, sensitivity, feeling Hem/o blood Hemat/o blood Hydr/o water Ment/o mind Mon/o one, single Phas/o speech Psych/o mind Quadr/i four Thromb/o blood clot PREFIXES PREFIX DEFINITION a- Absence of, without An- Absence of, without Dys- painful, abnormal, difficult labored Hemi- half Hyper- above, excessive Inter- between Intra- within Para- beside, beyond, around, abnormal Poly- many, much Post- after Pre- before Sub- Below, under
