

Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
The physical and psychological development of toddlers aged 12 months to 2 years. It covers topics such as height and weight changes, dental care, sleep patterns, vital signs, cognitive and psychological tasks, and nutrition. The document also provides indicators of readiness for toilet training and milestones for bladder control. The information presented in this document can be useful for students studying child development or pediatric nursing.
Typology: Cheat Sheet
1 / 2
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Hannah Adan 1
Temperature: Axillary, 97.5°F to 98.6°F (36.4°C to 37°C) Apical Heart Rate: 80 to 120 beats/ minute Respirations: 20 to 30 breaths/minute Blood Pressure: Average, 92/55 mm Hg PSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS - Increased independence; better able to tolerate separation from primary caregiver - Less likely to fear strangers - Able to help with dressing/ undressing at 18 months; dresses self at 24 months - Has sustained attention span - May have temper tantrum at this period; should decrease at 2 ½ years - Vocabulary increases from about 10-20 words to over 900 words by 3 years - Has beginning awareness of ownership (my, mine) at 18 months; o shows proper use of pronouns (I, me, you) by 3 years - Moves from hoarding and possessiveness at 18 months to sharing with peers at 3 years - Bowel control develops before bladder control o Toilet training is usually completed at 3 years - Demonstrates readiness for toilet training between 18 - 24 months - INDICATORS OF READINESS: o walls, sits, and squats well, has voluntary control of bowel and urinary function, regular bowel movements, can communicate wetness or bowel movement, can remove clothes, wants to please caregivers, imitates - The toddler may stay dry during the day but may need a diaper at night until about age 4 / Child is able to sit on the toilet for 5 to 10 minutes without fussing or getting off - Daytime bladder control by 2-3 years / Nighttime bladder control by 3-4 years COGNITIVE TASKS - Follows simple directions at 2 years - Begins to use short sentences at 18 months to 2 years - Can remember and repeat 3 numbers by 3 years - Knows own name by 12 months; refers to self, gives first name by 24 months; gives full name by 3 years - Able to identify some geometric forms by 18 months - Achieves object permanence; is aware that objects exist even if not in view - Uses "magical" thinking; believes own feelings affect events (e.g. anger causes rain - Uses realistic behavior; repeats skills to master them and to decrease anxiety - May develop a dependency on a "transitional object" such as a blanket or stuffed animal NUTRITION > The MyPlate food guide provides dietary guidelines and applies to children as young as 2 years of age > The toddler should have an average intake of 2 to 3 servings of milk daily (24 to 30 oz [700 to 800 mL]) to ensure an adequate amount of calcium and phosphorus (low-fat milk may be given after 2 years of age) > Trans-fatty acids and saturated fats need to be restricted; otherwise, fat restriction is not appropriate for a toddler (mothers should be taught about the types of food that contain fat that should be selected) > Iron-fortified cereal and a high-iron diet, adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, and vitamin C (
Hannah Adan 2 to 6 oz [120 to 180 mL] of juice daily) are essential components for the toddler's
Caloric requirement is approximately 160 calories/kg a day Increased need for Iron, Calcium, and phosphorous Initial dental examination at 3 years Offer finger foods and avoid concentrated sweets and empty calories Appetite decreases Most toddlers prefer to feed themselves Negativism may interfere with eating The toddler generally does best by eating several small nutritious meals each day rather than 3 large meals Offer a limited number of foods at any one time The toddler is at risk for aspiration of small foods that are not chewed easily, such as nuts, foods with seeds, raisins, popcorn, grapes, and hot dog pieces. Physiological anorexia may occur and is normal because of the alternating stages of fast and slow growth Sit the toddler in a high chair at the family table for meals Allow sufficient time to eat, but remove food when the toddler begins to play with it The toddler drinks well from a cup held with both hands Avoid using food as a reward or punishment SAFETY
Provide toys to help develop fine motor skills, problem solving abilities: puzzles, blocks; finger paints and crayons Typical toys include push-pull toys, blocks, sand, finger paints and bubbles, large balls, crayons, trucks and dolls, containers, PlayDoh, toy telephones, cloth books, and wooden puzzles FEARS: SEPARATION ANXIETY Learning to tolerate and master brief periods of separation is an important developmental task Increasing understanding of object permanence helps toddler overcome this fear Potential patterns of response to separation: o PROTEST: screams and cries when mother leaves; attempts to call her back o DESPAIR : whimpers, clutches transitional object, curls up in bed, decreased activity, rocking o DENIAL: resumes normal activity but does not form psychosocial relationships; when mother returns. child ignores her Bedtime may represent desertion