Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Physical and Psychological Development of Toddlers, Cheat Sheet of Nursing

The physical and psychological development of toddlers aged 12 months to 2 years. It covers topics such as height and weight changes, dental care, sleep patterns, vital signs, cognitive and psychological tasks, and nutrition. The document also provides indicators of readiness for toilet training and milestones for bladder control. The information presented in this document can be useful for students studying child development or pediatric nursing.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Available from 01/30/2024

hannah-adan
hannah-adan 🇵🇭

5 documents

1 / 2

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
NCM 107 CARE OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENTS (LECTURE)
PREFINALS TODDLER
Hannah Adan 1
TODDLER 12 MOS 2 YRS
PHYSICAL
- This is a period of SLOW GROWTH
- Height and weight increase in phases, reflecting
growth spurts and lags
o Weight
Weight gain is slower than in infancy
Gains approximately 11 lb (5 kg) during this
time;
By age 2, the average weight is 22 to 27
pounds (10 to 12 kg) = birth weight
quadrupled by 2 ½ years
o Height
Normal height changes include a growth
of about 3 inches (7.5 cm) per year;
the average height of the toddler is 34
inches (86 cm) at age 2 years. f. Lordosis
(pot belly) is noted
o Head Circumference
Head circumference increases about 1
inch (25.5 mm) between ages 1 and 2; 19
½ -20 inches (49-50 cm) by 2 years;
thereafter, head circumference increases
about ½ inch (12.5 mm) per year until age
5
Anterior fontanel closes by 18 months
o Dental Care
The toddler should see a dentist soon after
the first teeth erupt, usually around 1 year
of age, and oral hygiene measures should
be instituted;
Regular dental care is essential, and the
toddler will require assistance with brushing
and flossing of teeth (fluoride supplements
may be necessary if the water is not
fluoridated)
o Sleep
A toddler should never be allowed to fall
asleep with a bottle containing milk, juice,
soda pop, sweetened water, or any other
sweet liquid because of the risk of nursing
(bottle-mouth) caries
Typically, the toddler sleeps through the
night and has 1 daytime nap; the daytime
nap is normally discontinued at about age
3
A consistent bedtime ritual helps to
prepare the toddler for sleep.
Security objects at bedtime may assist in
sleep
o Skills
Develops sphincter control necessary for
bowel and bladder control
Balances on one foot momentarily by 21½
years
The toddler begins to walk with 1 hand held
by age 12 to 13 months / Walks alone by 18
months
The toddler usually cannot alternate feet
when climbing stairs / Climbs stairs and
furniture by 18 months
Runs fairly well by 2 years
Jumps from chair or step by 2 ½ years
VITAL SIGNS
> Temperature: Axillary, 97.5°F to 98.6°F (36.4°C to
37°C)
> Apical Heart Rate: 80 to 120 beats/ minute
> Respirations: 20 to 30 breaths/minute
> Blood Pressure: Average, 92/55 mm Hg
PSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS
Increased independence; better able to tolerate
separation from primary caregiver
Less likely to fear strangers
Able to help with dressing/ undressing at 18 months;
dresses self at 24 months
Has sustained attention span
May have temper tantrum at this period; should
decrease at 2 ½ years
Vocabulary increases from about 10-20 words to
over 900 words by 3 years
Has beginning awareness of ownership (my, mine)
at 18 months;
o shows proper use of pronouns (I, me, you) by
3 years
Moves from hoarding and possessiveness at 18
months to sharing with peers at 3 years
Bowel control develops before bladder control
o Toilet training is usually completed at 3 years
Demonstrates readiness for toilet training between
18-24 months
INDICATORS OF READINESS:
o walls, sits, and squats well, has voluntary
control of bowel and urinary function,
regular bowel movements, can
communicate wetness or bowel
movement, can remove clothes, wants to
please caregivers, imitates
The toddler may stay dry during the day but may
need a diaper at night until about age 4 / Child is
able to sit on the toilet for 5 to 10 minutes without
fussing or getting off
Daytime bladder control by 2-3 years / Nighttime
bladder control by 3-4 years
COGNITIVE TASKS
Follows simple directions at 2 years
Begins to use short sentences at 18 months to 2 years
Can remember and repeat 3 numbers by 3 years
Knows own name by 12 months; refers to self, gives
first name by 24 months; gives full name by 3 years
Able to identify some geometric forms by 18 months
Achieves object permanence; is aware that objects
exist even if not in view
Uses "magical" thinking; believes own feelings affect
events (e.g. anger causes rain
Uses realistic behavior; repeats skills to master them
and to decrease anxiety
May develop a dependency on a "transitional
object" such as a blanket or stuffed animal
NUTRITION
> The MyPlate food guide provides dietary guidelines
and applies to children as young as 2 years of age
> The toddler should have an average intake of 2 to 3
servings of milk daily (24 to 30 oz [700 to 8 00 mL]) to
ensure an adequate amount of calcium and
phosphorus (low-fat milk may be given after 2 years
of age)
> Trans-fatty acids and saturated fats need to be
restricted; otherwise, fat restriction is not appropriate
for a toddler (mothers should be taught about the
types of food that contain fat that should be
selected)
> Iron-fortified cereal and a high-iron diet, adequate
amounts of calcium and vitamin D, and vitamin C (4
pf2

Partial preview of the text

Download Physical and Psychological Development of Toddlers and more Cheat Sheet Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NCM 107 CARE OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENTS (LECTURE)

PREFINALS TODDLER

Hannah Adan 1

TODDLER 12 MOS – 2 YRS

PHYSICAL

  • This is a period of SLOW GROWTH
  • Height and weight increase in phases, reflecting growth spurts and lags o Weight ▪ Weight gain is slower than in infancy ▪ Gains approximately 11 lb (5 kg) during this time; ▪ By age 2, the average weight is 22 to 27 pounds (10 to 12 kg) = birth weight quadrupled by 2 ½ years o Height ▪ Normal height changes include a growth of about 3 inches (7.5 cm) per year; ▪ the average height of the toddler is 34 inches (86 cm) at age 2 years. f. Lordosis (pot belly) is noted o Head Circumference ▪ Head circumference increases about 1 inch (25.5 mm) between ages 1 and 2; 19 ½ - 20 inches (49- 50 cm) by 2 years; thereafter, head circumference increases about ½ inch (12.5 mm) per year until age 5 ▪ Anterior fontanel closes by 18 months o Dental Care ▪ The toddler should see a dentist soon after the first teeth erupt, usually around 1 year of age, and oral hygiene measures should be instituted; ▪ Regular dental care is essential, and the toddler will require assistance with brushing and flossing of teeth (fluoride supplements may be necessary if the water is not fluoridated) o Sleep ▪ A toddler should never be allowed to fall asleep with a bottle containing milk, juice, soda pop, sweetened water, or any other sweet liquid because of the risk of nursing (bottle-mouth) caries ▪ Typically, the toddler sleeps through the night and has 1 daytime nap; the daytime nap is normally discontinued at about age 3 ▪ A consistent bedtime ritual helps to prepare the toddler for sleep. ▪ Security objects at bedtime may assist in sleep o Skills ▪ Develops sphincter control necessary for bowel and bladder control ▪ Balances on one foot momentarily by 21½ years ▪ The toddler begins to walk with 1 hand held by age 12 to 13 months / Walks alone by 18 months ▪ The toddler usually cannot alternate feet when climbing stairs / Climbs stairs and furniture by 18 months ▪ Runs fairly well by 2 years ▪ Jumps from chair or step by 2 ½ years VITAL SIGNS

Temperature: Axillary, 97.5°F to 98.6°F (36.4°C to 37°C) Apical Heart Rate: 80 to 120 beats/ minute Respirations: 20 to 30 breaths/minute Blood Pressure: Average, 92/55 mm Hg PSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS - Increased independence; better able to tolerate separation from primary caregiver - Less likely to fear strangers - Able to help with dressing/ undressing at 18 months; dresses self at 24 months - Has sustained attention span - May have temper tantrum at this period; should decrease at 2 ½ years - Vocabulary increases from about 10-20 words to over 900 words by 3 years - Has beginning awareness of ownership (my, mine) at 18 months; o shows proper use of pronouns (I, me, you) by 3 years - Moves from hoarding and possessiveness at 18 months to sharing with peers at 3 years - Bowel control develops before bladder control o Toilet training is usually completed at 3 years - Demonstrates readiness for toilet training between 18 - 24 months - INDICATORS OF READINESS: o walls, sits, and squats well, has voluntary control of bowel and urinary function, regular bowel movements, can communicate wetness or bowel movement, can remove clothes, wants to please caregivers, imitates - The toddler may stay dry during the day but may need a diaper at night until about age 4 / Child is able to sit on the toilet for 5 to 10 minutes without fussing or getting off - Daytime bladder control by 2-3 years / Nighttime bladder control by 3-4 years COGNITIVE TASKS - Follows simple directions at 2 years - Begins to use short sentences at 18 months to 2 years - Can remember and repeat 3 numbers by 3 years - Knows own name by 12 months; refers to self, gives first name by 24 months; gives full name by 3 years - Able to identify some geometric forms by 18 months - Achieves object permanence; is aware that objects exist even if not in view - Uses "magical" thinking; believes own feelings affect events (e.g. anger causes rain - Uses realistic behavior; repeats skills to master them and to decrease anxiety - May develop a dependency on a "transitional object" such as a blanket or stuffed animal NUTRITION > The MyPlate food guide provides dietary guidelines and applies to children as young as 2 years of age > The toddler should have an average intake of 2 to 3 servings of milk daily (24 to 30 oz [700 to 800 mL]) to ensure an adequate amount of calcium and phosphorus (low-fat milk may be given after 2 years of age) > Trans-fatty acids and saturated fats need to be restricted; otherwise, fat restriction is not appropriate for a toddler (mothers should be taught about the types of food that contain fat that should be selected) > Iron-fortified cereal and a high-iron diet, adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, and vitamin C (

NCM 107 CARE OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENTS (LECTURE)

PREFINALS TODDLER

Hannah Adan 2 to 6 oz [120 to 180 mL] of juice daily) are essential components for the toddler's

Caloric requirement is approximately 160 calories/kg a day Increased need for Iron, Calcium, and phosphorous Initial dental examination at 3 years Offer finger foods and avoid concentrated sweets and empty calories Appetite decreases Most toddlers prefer to feed themselves Negativism may interfere with eating The toddler generally does best by eating several small nutritious meals each day rather than 3 large meals Offer a limited number of foods at any one time The toddler is at risk for aspiration of small foods that are not chewed easily, such as nuts, foods with seeds, raisins, popcorn, grapes, and hot dog pieces. Physiological anorexia may occur and is normal because of the alternating stages of fast and slow growth Sit the toddler in a high chair at the family table for meals Allow sufficient time to eat, but remove food when the toddler begins to play with it The toddler drinks well from a cup held with both hands Avoid using food as a reward or punishment SAFETY

  • Use back burners on the stove to prepare a meal; turn pot handles inward and toward the middle of the stove
  • Keep dangling cords from small appliances or other items away from the toddler
  • Teach swimming and water safety, supervise near water
  • Toddlers are eager to explore the world around them; they need to be supervised at play to ensure safety
  • Avoid large chunks of meat, particularly hotdogs
  • Place inaccessible locks on windows and doors, and keep furniture away from windows / Secure screens on all windows
  • Never leave the toddler alone near a bathtub, pail of water, swimming pool, or any other body of water
  • Keep toilet lids closed
  • Keep all medicines, poisons, household plants, and toxic products in high areas and locked out of reach / Keep the Poison Control Center number available
  • Do not allow the toddler to sleep or play in an upper bunk bed
  • Do not allow child to walk around with objects such as lollipops in mouth
  • Know how to use ipecac
  • CAR SEAT SAFETY: Children sit in forward facing the car seat only after age is greater than 1 year and weight is greater than 20 lb. o All car seats are placed in rear seat of car. No car seats should be placed in front of the passenger side airbag PLAY

Provide toys to help develop fine motor skills, problem solving abilities: puzzles, blocks; finger paints and crayons Typical toys include push-pull toys, blocks, sand, finger paints and bubbles, large balls, crayons, trucks and dolls, containers, PlayDoh, toy telephones, cloth books, and wooden puzzles FEARS: SEPARATION ANXIETY Learning to tolerate and master brief periods of separation is an important developmental task Increasing understanding of object permanence helps toddler overcome this fear Potential patterns of response to separation: o PROTEST: screams and cries when mother leaves; attempts to call her back o DESPAIR : whimpers, clutches transitional object, curls up in bed, decreased activity, rocking o DENIAL: resumes normal activity but does not form psychosocial relationships; when mother returns. child ignores her Bedtime may represent desertion