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Mastectomy is surgery to remove breast tissue, often done to treat breast cancer. It can be classified into several types, including total (or simple) mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, and nipple-sparing mastectomy. The type performed depends on factors such as tumor size and location and the extent of cancer spread. Women at high risk may also consider prophylactic mastectomy, which aims to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
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Mastectomy Overview Mastectomy is surgery to remove breast tissue, often done to treat breast cancer. It can be classified into several types, including total (or simple) mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, and nipple-sparing mastectomy. The type performed depends on factors such as tumor size and location and the extent of cancer spread. Women at high risk may also consider prophylactic mastectomy, which aims to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Mastectomy is a critical surgical procedure primarily performed to treat breast cancer. It involves the removal of breast tissue, which can vary in extent depending on the type of mastectomy being conducted. Knowledge of the procedure, the instruments required, the principles of aseptic technique, and the necessary operating room setup are vital for successful outcomes. Anatomy and Physiology The breast, located on the anterior thoracic wall and overlying the pectoralis major muscle, has a superior border that aligns near the second or third rib and extends to the inframammary crease. It is demarcated medially by the sternal border and laterally by the mid-axillary line, with approximately two-thirds of the breast tissue resting on the pectoralis major muscle. The breast is divided into four quadrants for consistent documentation, with the upper outer quadrant, including the axillary tail of Spence, being the most common site for breast cancer. Structurally, the breast contains mammary tissue enveloped in subcutaneous fat and supported by superficial and deep fascial layers. Suspensory ligaments of Cooper provide structural integrity, and the breast comprises 10 - 15 % epithelial elements and 85 - 90 % stromal components organized into lobes and lobules that connect to lactiferous ducts. Blood supply is primarily from the internal mammary and lateral thoracic arteries, while venous drainage follows similar pathways towards the axilla. Lymphatic drainage occurs mainly through the axilla, involving various levels of axillary lymph nodes characterized by their relationship to the pectoralis minor muscle. Understanding this intricate anatomy is critical for both clinical assessment and cancer management, as lymphatic channels represent routes for potential cancer metastasis. Types of mastectomy procedures
radical mastectomy. It is used only when breast reconstruction is done right after the mastectomy. It may not be a good method for tumors that are large or near the skin surface.
targeted therapy after surgery. If so, radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy is usually delayed until the chemotherapy is completed. Reference: Goethals, A., & Rose, J. ( 2022 , October 6 ). Mastectomy. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK 538212 / Mastectomy. ( 2021 , August 8 ). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/breast-cancer/mastectomy#:~:text=A% 2 0 mastectomy% 20 is% 20 surgery% 20 to,a% 20 high% 20 risk% 20 for% 20 it. What is a Mastectomy? (n.d.). American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/treatment/surgery-for-breast-cancer/mastectomy.html