Download IFRS 16: Leases - Accounting for Lease Payments and Disclosures and more Lecture notes Accounting in PDF only on Docsity!
IFRS 16
Leases
In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 17 Leases , which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1997. IAS 17 Leases replaced IAS 17 Accounting for Leases that was issued in September 1982.
In April 2001 the Board adopted SIC-15 Operating Leases—Incentives , which had originally been issued by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC in December 1998.
In December 2001 the Board issued SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. SIC-27 had originally been developed by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC to provide guidance on determining, amongst other things, whether an arrangement that involves the legal form of a lease meets the definition of a lease under IAS 17.
In December 2003 the Board issued a revised IAS 17 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects.
In December 2004 the Board issued IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to provide guidance on determining whether transactions that do not take the legal form of a lease but convey the right to use an asset in return for a payment or series of payments are, or contain, leases that should be accounted for in accordance with IAS 17.
In January 2016 the Board issued IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 replaces IAS 17, IFRIC 4, SIC- and SIC-27. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases.
In May 2020 the Board issued Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions , which amended IFRS 16. The amendment permits lessees, as a practical expedient, not to assess whether rent concessions that occur as a direct consequence of the covid-19 pandemic and meet specified conditions are lease modifications. Instead, the lessee accounts for those rent concessions as if they were not lease modifications.
In August 2020 the Board issued Interest Rate Benchmark Reform―Phase 2 which amended requirements in IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 relating to:
- changes in the basis for determining contractual cash flows of financial assets, financial liabilities and lease liabilities;
- hedge accounting; and
- disclosures.
The Phase 2 amendments apply only to changes required by the interest rate benchmark reform to financial instruments and hedging relationships.
In March 2021 the Board issued Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions beyond 30 June 2021 , which extended by one year the application period of the practical expedient in paragraph 46A to help lessees accounting for covid-19-related rent concessions.
© IFRS Foundation A
In September 2022, the Board issued Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback , which added subsequent measurement requirements for sale and leaseback transactions.
Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 16, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018).
A816 © IFRS Foundation
...continued
APPENDIX TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Amendments to guidance on other Standards
FOR THE BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS, SEE PART C OF THIS EDITION
BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS
DISSENTING OPINION
APPENDIX TO THE BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS
Amendments to the Basis for Conclusions on other Standards
A818 © IFRS Foundation
International Financial Reporting Standard 16 Leases (IFRS 16) is set out in paragraphs 1–106 and Appendices A–D. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time that they appear in the Standard. Definitions of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. The Standard should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to IFRS Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.
© IFRS Foundation A
If a lessee elects not to apply the requirements in paragraphs 22–49 to either short-term leases or leases for which the underlying asset is of low value, the lessee shall recognise the lease payments associated with those leases as an expense on either a straight-line basis over the lease term or another systematic basis. The lessee shall apply another systematic basis if that basis is more representative of the pattern of the lessee’s benefit. If a lessee accounts for short-term leases applying paragraph 6, the lessee shall consider the lease to be a new lease for the purposes of this Standard if: (a) there is a lease modification ; or (b) there is any change in the lease term (for example, the lessee exercises an option not previously included in its determination of the lease term). The election for short-term leases shall be made by class of underlying asset to which the right of use relates. A class of underlying asset is a grouping of underlying assets of a similar nature and use in an entity’s operations. The election for leases for which the underlying asset is of low value can be made on a lease-by-lease basis.
Identifying a lease (paragraphs B9–B33)
At inception of a contract, an entity shall assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Paragraphs B9–B31 set out guidance on the assessment of whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A period of time may be described in terms of the amount of use of an identified asset (for example, the number of production units that an item of equipment will be used to produce). An entity shall reassess whether a contract is, or contains, a lease only if the terms and conditions of the contract are changed.
Separating components of a contract
For a contract that is, or contains, a lease, an entity shall account for each lease component within the contract as a lease separately from non-lease components of the contract, unless the entity applies the practical expedient in paragraph 15. Paragraphs B32–B33 set out guidance on separating components of a contract.
Lessee
For a contract that contains a lease component and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, a lessee shall allocate the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.
© IFRS Foundation A
The relative stand-alone price of lease and non-lease components shall be determined on the basis of the price the lessor, or a similar supplier, would charge an entity for that component, or a similar component, separately. If an observable stand-alone price is not readily available, the lessee shall estimate the stand-alone price, maximising the use of observable information. As a practical expedient, a lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and instead account for each lease component and any associated non-lease components as a single lease component. A lessee shall not apply this practical expedient to embedded derivatives that meet the criteria in paragraph 4.3.3 of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. Unless the practical expedient in paragraph 15 is applied, a lessee shall account for non-lease components applying other applicable Standards.
Lessor
For a contract that contains a lease component and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, a lessor shall allocate the consideration in the contract applying paragraphs 73–90 of IFRS 15.
Lease term (paragraphs B34–B41)
An entity shall determine the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both: (a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and (b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. In assessing whether a lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, or not to exercise an option to terminate a lease, an entity shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the lessee to exercise the option to extend the lease, or not to exercise the option to terminate the lease, as described in paragraphs B37–B40. A lessee shall reassess whether it is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, or not to exercise a termination option, upon the occurrence of either a significant event or a significant change in circumstances that: (a) is within the control of the lessee; and (b) affects whether the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option not previously included in its determination of the lease term, or not to exercise an option previously included in its determination of the lease term (as described in paragraph B41). An entity shall revise the lease term if there is a change in the non-cancellable period of a lease. For example, the non-cancellable period of a lease will change if:
A822 © IFRS Foundation
Initial measurement of the lease liability
At the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date. The lease payments shall be discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease , if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee shall use the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate****. At the commencement date, the lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following payments for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term that are not paid at the commencement date: (a) fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments as described in paragraph B42), less any lease incentives receivable; (b) variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date (as described in paragraph 28); (c) amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees ; (d) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option (assessed considering the factors described in paragraphs B37–B40); and (e) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate described in paragraph 27(b) include, for example, payments linked to a consumer price index, payments linked to a benchmark interest rate (such as LIBOR) or payments that vary to reflect changes in market rental rates.
Subsequent measurement
Subsequent measurement of the right-of-use asset
After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset applying a cost model, unless it applies either of the measurement models described in paragraphs 34 and 35.
Cost model To apply a cost model, a lessee shall measure the right-of-use asset at cost: (a) less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses; and (b) adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability specified in paragraph 36(c). A lessee shall apply the depreciation requirements in IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment in depreciating the right-of-use asset, subject to the requirements in paragraph 32.
A824 © IFRS Foundation
If the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term or if the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the lessee will exercise a purchase option, the lessee shall depreciate the right-of- use asset from the commencement date to the end of the useful life of the underlying asset. Otherwise, the lessee shall depreciate the right-of-use asset from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. A lessee shall apply IAS 36 Impairment of Assets to determine whether the right- of-use asset is impaired and to account for any impairment loss identified.
Other measurement models If a lessee applies the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment Property to its investment property, the lessee shall also apply that fair value model to right- of-use assets that meet the definition of investment property in IAS 40. If right-of-use assets relate to a class of property, plant and equipment to which the lessee applies the revaluation model in IAS 16, a lessee may elect to apply that revaluation model to all of the right-of-use assets that relate to that class of property, plant and equipment.
Subsequent measurement of the lease liability
After the commencement date, a lessee shall measure the lease liability by: (a) increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability; (b) reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made; and (c) remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications specified in paragraphs 39–46, or to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments (see paragraph B42). Interest on the lease liability in each period during the lease term shall be the amount that produces a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the lease liability. The periodic rate of interest is the discount rate described in paragraph 26, or if applicable the revised discount rate described in paragraph 41, paragraph 43 or paragraph 45(c). After the commencement date, a lessee shall recognise in profit or loss, unless the costs are included in the carrying amount of another asset applying other applicable Standards, both: (a) interest on the lease liability; and (b) variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability in the period in which the event or condition that triggers those payments occurs.
© IFRS Foundation A
Lease modifications
A lessee shall account for a lease modification as a separate lease if both: (a) the modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets; and (b) the consideration for the lease increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, at the effective date of the lease modification a lessee shall: (a) allocate the consideration in the modified contract applying paragraphs 13–16; (b) determine the lease term of the modified lease applying paragraphs 18–19; and (c) remeasure the lease liability by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate. The revised discount rate is determined as the interest rate implicit in the lease for the remainder of the lease term, if that rate can be readily determined, or the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of the modification, if the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined. For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, the lessee shall account for the remeasurement of the lease liability by: (a) decreasing the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset to reflect the partial or full termination of the lease for lease modifications that decrease the scope of the lease. The lessee shall recognise in profit or loss any gain or loss relating to the partial or full termination of the lease. (b) making a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use asset for all other lease modifications. As a practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession that meets the conditions in paragraph 46B is a lease modification. A lessee that makes this election shall account for any change in lease payments resulting from the rent concession the same way it would account for the change applying this Standard if the change were not a lease modification. The practical expedient in paragraph 46A applies only to rent concessions occurring as a direct consequence of the covid-19 pandemic and only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the change in lease payments results in revised consideration for the lease that is substantially the same as, or less than, the consideration for the lease immediately preceding the change;
46A
46B
© IFRS Foundation A
(b) any reduction in lease payments affects only payments originally due on or before 30 June 2022 (for example, a rent concession would meet this condition if it results in reduced lease payments on or before 30 June 2022 and increased lease payments that extend beyond 30 June 2022); and (c) there is no substantive change to other terms and conditions of the lease.
Presentation
A lessee shall either present in the statement of financial position, or disclose in the notes: (a) right-of-use assets separately from other assets. If a lessee does not present right-of-use assets separately in the statement of financial position, the lessee shall: (i) include right-of-use assets within the same line item as that within which the corresponding underlying assets would be presented if they were owned; and (ii) disclose which line items in the statement of financial position include those right-of-use assets. (b) lease liabilities separately from other liabilities. If the lessee does not present lease liabilities separately in the statement of financial position, the lessee shall disclose which line items in the statement of financial position include those liabilities. The requirement in paragraph 47(a) does not apply to right-of-use assets that meet the definition of investment property, which shall be presented in the statement of financial position as investment property. In the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, a lessee shall present interest expense on the lease liability separately from the depreciation charge for the right-of-use asset. Interest expense on the lease liability is a component of finance costs, which paragraph 82(b) of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements requires to be presented separately in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. In the statement of cash flows, a lessee shall classify: (a) cash payments for the principal portion of the lease liability within financing activities; (b) cash payments for the interest portion of the lease liability applying the requirements in IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows for interest paid; and (c) short-term lease payments, payments for leases of low-value assets and variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability within operating activities.
A828 © IFRS Foundation
If right-of-use assets meet the definition of investment property, a lessee shall apply the disclosure requirements in IAS 40. In that case, a lessee is not required to provide the disclosures in paragraph 53(a), (f), (h) or (j) for those right-of-use assets. If a lessee measures right-of-use assets at revalued amounts applying IAS 16, the lessee shall disclose the information required by paragraph 77 of IAS 16 for those right-of-use assets. A lessee shall disclose a maturity analysis of lease liabilities applying paragraphs 39 and B11 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures separately from the maturity analyses of other financial liabilities. In addition to the disclosures required in paragraphs 53–58, a lessee shall disclose additional qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing activities necessary to meet the disclosure objective in paragraph 51 (as described in paragraph B48). This additional information may include, but is not limited to, information that helps users of financial statements to assess: (a) the nature of the lessee’s leasing activities; (b) future cash outflows to which the lessee is potentially exposed that are not reflected in the measurement of lease liabilities. This includes exposure arising from: (i) variable lease payments (as described in paragraph B49); (ii) extension options and termination options (as described in paragraph B50); (iii) residual value guarantees (as described in paragraph B51); and (iv) leases not yet commenced to which the lessee is committed. (c) restrictions or covenants imposed by leases; and (d) sale and leaseback transactions (as described in paragraph B52). A lessee that accounts for short-term leases or leases of low-value assets applying paragraph 6 shall disclose that fact. If a lessee applies the practical expedient in paragraph 46A, the lessee shall disclose: (a) that it has applied the practical expedient to all rent concessions that meet the conditions in paragraph 46B or, if not applied to all such rent concessions, information about the nature of the contracts to which it has applied the practical expedient (see paragraph 2); and (b) the amount recognised in profit or loss for the reporting period to reflect changes in lease payments that arise from rent concessions to which the lessee has applied the practical expedient in paragraph 46A.
60A
A830 © IFRS Foundation
Lessor
Classification of leases (paragraphs B53–B58)
A lessor shall classify each of its leases as either an operating lease or a finance lease****. A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset. Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form of the contract. Examples of situations that individually or in combination would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are: (a) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term; (b) the lessee has the option to purchase the underlying asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than the fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception date , that the option will be exercised; (c) the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the underlying asset even if title is not transferred; (d) at the inception date, the present value of the lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset; and (e) the underlying asset is of such a specialised nature that only the lessee can use it without major modifications. Indicators of situations that individually or in combination could also lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are: (a) if the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee; (b) gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to the lessee (for example, in the form of a rent rebate equaling most of the sales proceeds at the end of the lease); and (c) the lessee has the ability to continue the lease for a secondary period at a rent that is substantially lower than market rent. The examples and indicators in paragraphs 63–64 are not always conclusive. If it is clear from other features that the lease does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset, the lease is classified as an operating lease. For example, this may be the case if ownership of the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease for a variable payment equal to its then fair value, or if there are variable lease payments, as a result of which the lessor does not transfer substantially all such risks and rewards.
© IFRS Foundation A
Manufacturer or dealer lessors At the commencement date, a manufacturer or dealer lessor shall recognise the following for each of its finance leases: (a) revenue being the fair value of the underlying asset, or, if lower, the present value of the lease payments accruing to the lessor, discounted using a market rate of interest; (b) the cost of sale being the cost, or carrying amount if different, of the underlying asset less the present value of the unguaranteed residual value ; and (c) selling profit or loss (being the difference between revenue and the cost of sale) in accordance with its policy for outright sales to which IFRS 15 applies. A manufacturer or dealer lessor shall recognise selling profit or loss on a finance lease at the commencement date, regardless of whether the lessor transfers the underlying asset as described in IFRS 15. Manufacturers or dealers often offer to customers the choice of either buying or leasing an asset. A finance lease of an asset by a manufacturer or dealer lessor gives rise to profit or loss equivalent to the profit or loss resulting from an outright sale of the underlying asset, at normal selling prices, reflecting any applicable volume or trade discounts. Manufacturer or dealer lessors sometimes quote artificially low rates of interest in order to attract customers. The use of such a rate would result in a lessor recognising an excessive portion of the total income from the transaction at the commencement date. If artificially low rates of interest are quoted, a manufacturer or dealer lessor shall restrict selling profit to that which would apply if a market rate of interest were charged. A manufacturer or dealer lessor shall recognise as an expense costs incurred in connection with obtaining a finance lease at the commencement date because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer or dealer’s selling profit. Costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors in connection with obtaining a finance lease are excluded from the definition of initial direct costs and, thus, are excluded from the net investment in the lease.
Subsequent measurement
A lessor shall recognise finance income over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the lessor’s net investment in the lease. A lessor aims to allocate finance income over the lease term on a systematic and rational basis. A lessor shall apply the lease payments relating to the period against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income.
© IFRS Foundation A
A lessor shall apply the derecognition and impairment requirements in IFRS 9 to the net investment in the lease. A lessor shall review regularly estimated unguaranteed residual values used in computing the gross investment in the lease. If there has been a reduction in the estimated unguaranteed residual value, the lessor shall revise the income allocation over the lease term and recognise immediately any reduction in respect of amounts accrued. A lessor that classifies an asset under a finance lease as held for sale (or includes it in a disposal group that is classified as held for sale) applying IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations shall account for the asset in accordance with that Standard.
Lease modifications A lessor shall account for a modification to a finance lease as a separate lease if both: (a) the modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets; and (b) the consideration for the lease increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. For a modification to a finance lease that is not accounted for as a separate lease, a lessor shall account for the modification as follows: (a) if the lease would have been classified as an operating lease had the modification been in effect at the inception date, the lessor shall: (i) account for the lease modification as a new lease from the effective date of the modification; and (ii) measure the carrying amount of the underlying asset as the net investment in the lease immediately before the effective date of the lease modification. (b) otherwise, the lessor shall apply the requirements of IFRS 9.
Operating leases
Recognition and measurement
A lessor shall recognise lease payments from operating leases as income on either a straight-line basis or another systematic basis. The lessor shall apply another systematic basis if that basis is more representative of the pattern in which benefit from the use of the underlying asset is diminished. A lessor shall recognise costs, including depreciation, incurred in earning the lease income as an expense.
A834 © IFRS Foundation
