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Revised 3/05 CHEMISTRY 461 Experiment 9 LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM IN BINARY SYSTEMS I. HAZARDS AND WASTE DISPOSAL. A. Potentially Dangerous Chemicals: 1. Toluene. 2. Hydrocarbon alcohols. B. Waste Disposal: Please safely dispose of all organic waste in the "Waste Solvent" jug in the fume hood. C, Other Hazards: Heating element and glassware can become extremely hot. I. INTRODUCTION. The theory for this experiment is discussed in Levine, pp. 327-334. Similar experimental apparatus and procedures are described in Daniels et al., seventh edition, as Experiment 9, pp. 61-70. A similar approach is also described in Shoemaker et al., third edition, Experiment 19 pp. 228-237. The identity of an unknown hydrocarbon alcohol is established by its physical properties. A series of binary liquid solutions of this alcohol in toluene are prepared, and the index of refraction of each is measured. These data are used to prepare a calibration curve of index of refraction versus mole fraction, which is used in the next stage of the experiment. Then the compositions of binary liquid mixtures and the condensates of their respective equilibrium vapors are determined by refractive index measurements. The resulting boiling point curve as a function of equilibrium liquid and vapor composition (i.e., phase diagram) is prepared and compared to that predicted by ideal solution theory. The boiling temperature and composition of the azeotrope are determined from the experimental data.