Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Lesson 2.1:Urinary Drugs, Study notes of Pharmacology

Fanshawe CollegePharmacology

Introduction • Urinary tract drugs are used to treat the disease of the kidney, bladder, urinary tract, and some parts of the male reproductive system • Disease include: urinary tract pain and spasms, urinary tract infections (UTI), overactive bladder (OAB), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatitis, and erectile dysfunction (ED)

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Available from 01/17/2022

janine-suguitan
janine-suguitan 🇵🇭

1 document

1 / 7

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Lesson 2.1:Urinary Drugs
Chapter 7
Learning Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the site of
action and therapeutic effect of
various diuretic drugs.
2. Explain why potassium chloride
drugs are given to patients taking
diuretic drugs.
3. Describe the therapeutic effects of
drugs used to treat urinary tract
infections, urinary tract pain, urinary
tract spasm, and overactive bladder.
4. Compare and contrast the
therapeutic effects of drugs used to
treat the male urinary problems of
benign prostatic hypertrophy and
erectile dysfunction.
5. When given the generic and trade
names of a urinary tract drug,
identify what drug category it
belongs to and what disease it is
used to treat.
6. When given a urinary tract drug
category, identify several generic
and brand name drugs in that
category.
7. When given an ending common to
several generic drugs, identify the
related drug category.
Introduction
•Urinary tract drugs are used to treat
disease of the kidney, bladder,
urinary tract, and some parts of the
male reproductive system
•Disease include: urinary tract pain
and spasms, urinary tract infections
(UTI), overactive bladder (OAB),
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH),
prostatitis, and erectile dysfunction
(ED)
•Urinary drugs include:
§Diuretic drugs
§Potassium supplements
•Taken concurrently
with some diuretic
drugs
§Drugs used to treat urinary
tract infections
§Urinary tract analgesic drugs
§Urinary tract antispasmodic
drugs
•Urinary drugs include (continued):
§Drugs for overactive bladder
§Drugs for benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH)
§Drugs for erectile dysfunction
§Drugs for prostatitis
Diuretic Drugs
•Kidneys continuously filter the
circulating blood.
•Depending on the needs of the body
§Extract and excrete waste
products of metabolism
•Kidneys continuously filter the
circulating blood.Depending on the
needs of the body they:
§Extract and either excrete or
reabsorb nonwaste products
•Water
•Sodium
•Potassium
•Other electrolytes
•Positive or
negative
charge
•Glucose
•Diuretic drugs keep sodium and
potassium from being reabsorbed
from the tubules back into the
blood.
§Extra sodium and potassium
causes an increase in the
volume of urine.
•By causing sodium, potassium, and
water to be excreted, diuretic drugs
are useful in the treatment of:
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Lesson 2.1:Urinary Drugs and more Study notes Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

Lesson 2.1:Urinary Drugs Chapter 7 Learning Objectives

  1. Compare and contrast the site of action and therapeutic effect of various diuretic drugs.
  2. Explain why potassium chloride drugs are given to patients taking diuretic drugs.
  3. Describe the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat urinary tract infections, urinary tract pain, urinary tract spasm, and overactive bladder.
  4. Compare and contrast the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat the male urinary problems of benign prostatic hypertrophy and erectile dysfunction.
  5. When given the generic and trade names of a urinary tract drug, identify what drug category it belongs to and what disease it is used to treat.
  6. When given a urinary tract drug category, identify several generic and brand name drugs in that category.
  7. When given an ending common to several generic drugs, identify the related drug category. Introduction
  • Urinary tract drugs are used to treat disease of the kidney, bladder, urinary tract, and some parts of the male reproductive system
  • Disease include: urinary tract pain and spasms, urinary tract infections (UTI), overactive bladder (OAB), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatitis, and erectile dysfunction (ED)
  • Urinary drugs include: § Diuretic drugs § Potassium supplements
  • Taken concurrently with some diuretic drugs § Drugs used to treat urinary tract infections § Urinary tract analgesic drugs § Urinary tract antispasmodic drugs
  • Urinary drugs include (continued): § Drugs for overactive bladder § Drugs for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) § Drugs for erectile dysfunction § Drugs for prostatitis Diuretic Drugs
  • Kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood.
  • Depending on the needs of the body § Extract and excrete waste products of metabolism
  • Kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood.Depending on the needs of the body they: § Extract and either excrete or reabsorb nonwaste products
  • Water
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Other electrolytes
  • Positive or negative charge
  • Glucose
  • Diuretic drugs keep sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood. § Extra sodium and potassium causes an increase in the volume of urine.
  • By causing sodium, potassium, and water to be excreted, diuretic drugs are useful in the treatment of:

§ Hypertension § Edema associated with congestive heart failure § Renal failure § Cerebral edema

  • Divided into several categories based on the site of the drug's action in the nephron § Thiazide diuretic drugs § Loop diuretic drugs § Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs § Osmotic diuretic drugs § Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs
  • Figure 7–1 Diuretic drugs and the nephron. Diuretic drugs act at different sites within the nephron, as shown. Nephrons in the kidney are the site of urine production. Blood that contains waste products, electrolytes, other substances, and water enters the first part of the nephron, a network of intertwining capillaries (the glomerulus). The pressure of the blood pushes water and other substances from the capillaries out into the glomerular capsule. This is the process of filtration. The solution is the filtrate. The filtrate then flows into the proximal convoluted tubule. There some of the water and non-waste substances move out of the tubule and back into the blood in a nearby capillary. This process of reabsorption also occurs in the U- shaped nephron loop and the distal convoluted tubule before the final product—urine—is excreted by the kidneys. Thiazide diuretic drugs § Act at the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubules in the nephron § Block sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubule back into the blood. § More sodium and potassium than usual are excreted in the urine and therefore more water as well. § Called potassium-wasting § Diuretic Drugs § Chlorthalidone § Hydrochlorothiazide § Indapamide (Lozide) § Metolazone (Zaroxolyn) - Note: The ending – thiazide is common to generic thiazide diuretic drugs. - Adverse Reactions - Thiazide diuretics can cause dehydration and electrolyte deficiencies such as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypochloremia - Thiazide diuretics can cause nocturia and photosensitivity § There has been recent concern over the risk of skin cancer with HCTZ use https://www.e-therapeutics.ca
  • Drug Alert
  • The thiazide group of diuretic drugs causes adverse drug interactions with many different kinds of drugs.
  • They decrease the effect of some types of medications used to treat diabetes mellitus.
  • Drug Alert
  • However, when taken in combination with other types of
  • Patients who take a thiazide diuretic or loop diuretic drug may also take a potassium-sparing diuretic drug to offset the loss of potassium from the other diuretic drug, or they can take an oral potassium supplement.
  • Patients may also be encouraged to access dietary sources of potassium e.g. orange juice or bananas
  • Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
  • UTIs are treated with drugs that are particularly effective against gram- negative bacteria § Eschericia coli from the GI tract frequent cause of UTIs
  • There are several categories of drugs that act systemically to treat UTIs
  • Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
  • Categories of drugs that act systemically to treat UTIs § Penicillin antibiotic drugs § Cephalosporin antibiotic drugs § Fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs § Sulfonamide anti-infective drugs § Folic acid antagonist drugs § Other antibiotic drugs for UTI
  • Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
  • Folic acid antagonist drugs for UTIs § Block the formation of folic acid in bacterial cells § Interferes with the ability of some bacteria to grow and reproduce § Trimethoprim
  • Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
  • Combination antibiotic drugs § Contain - Antibiotic drug trimethoprim - Blocks one step in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria - Anti-infective sulfa drug sulfamethoxazole - Blocks the next step in the same process § Drugs work synergistically
  • Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
  • Other antibiotic-type drugs for UTIs § Drug given orally, but changed by bacteria themselves into substance that interferes with DNA and bacterial reproduction
  • Fosfomycin (Monurol)
  • Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)
  • Did You Know?
  • Cranberry juice contains the simple sugar fructose, which acts as an anti- adhesion factor that keeps bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall
  • Cranberry juice also reduces acidity of the urine which may reduce bacterial growth
  • Urinary Tract Analgesic Drugs
  • Indications § Urinary tract infections or diseases § Interstitial cystitis § Urinary tract surgery § Endoscopic procedures
  • Urinary Tract Analgesic Drugs
  • Symptoms § Burning § Urgency § Painful urination
  • Urinary Tract Analgesic Drugs
  • Exert a local, pain-relieving effect on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract even though drugs are given orally § Pentosan (Elmiron) § Phenazopyridine
  • Pyridium turns the urine red-orange in color § Do not mistake for serious condition of blood in the urine
  • Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Bladder
  • Symptoms § Urinary urgency § Urinary frequency § Urinary incontinence (at times)
  • Due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall as the bladder fills with urine
  • Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Bladder
  • Drugs block the action of acetylcholine § Anticholinergic - Darifenacin (Enablex) - Fesoterodine (Toviaz) - Oxybutynin (Ditropan) - Solifenacin (Vesicare) - Tolterodine (Detrol) - Trospium (Trosec)
  • Adverse Reactions
  • Anticholinergics § Dry mouth § Dry eyes § Constipation - Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Bladder - Alternatives to anticholinergics § Reduce the smooth muscle tone of the bladder wall - Mirabegron (Myrbetriq) § Relax bladder contractions - Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox) - Drugs Used to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy - Prostate gland hypertrophies (enlarges) § Chain reaction in which testosterone is acted on by an enzyme in prostatic cells § Enzyme converted to dihydrotestosterone - Causes the prostate gland to enlarge § Enlargement is benign and not cancerous - BPH common in men over 50 - Incidence increases with age - Symptoms § Difficulty initiating urination § Hesitancy § Decreased urinary stream - Treatment § Androgen inhibitor drugs § Alpha 1 - receptor blocker drugs - Drugs Used to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy - Androgen inhibitor drugs for BPH § Androgen refers to all of the various male hormones § Actions - Inhibits the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase which converts

§ Increase blood flow and create an erection

  • Prostaglandin E 1 drugs for ED § Alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, Muse) § After receiving training, the patient: - Injects the drug (Caverject, Edex) into the side of the penis - Inserts a pellet (Muse) into the urethra
  • Although the PDE5 inhibitor drugs for erectile dysfunction improve the quality and duration of an erection in men with erectile dysfunction, the drug inserts and advertisements warn that men experiencing an erection lasting longer than 4 hours should see their physician or go to the emergency room.
  • This adverse effect might occur more often with Cialis because its duration of action is 36 hours, compared to 4 hours for Viagra and 5 hours for Levitra
  • All of the PDE5 inhibitor drugs can also cause a temporary loss of the ability to see blue/green colors
  • Patients must not combine with nitrates due to risk of life- threatening hypotension