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Operant Conditioning
Type of Learning where behavior is influenced by consequences.The ability to learn comes from information the organism receives when OPERATING within its environment. TERM 2 DEFINITION 2 Frequency of Responses TERM 3
Operant Conditioning:
Contingencies:
DEFINITION 3 Antecedents: Stimulus present before behavior occurse.g. I tell you to come to class if you want to do well Behaviors: Response of the subjecte.g. You come to class Consequences: The result of the subjects behaviore.g. You will get a good grade TERM 4
Types of Consequences
DEFINITION 4
- Reinforcement2. Punishment TERM 5
Reinforcement
DEFINITION 5 A type of consequenceResponse is strengthened by the outcome.Response + Outcome Behaviors Continue
Punishment
A type of consequenceResponse is weakened by the outcomeResponse + outcome Behaviors Continue TERM 7
2 Way to administer Reinforcers
DEFINITION 7
- Positive ReinforcmentBehavior is reinforced by the presentation of a pleasurable stimulus2. Negative ReinforcementBehavior is reinforced by the removal of a noxious stimulus. TERM 8
2 Ways to administer Punishers
DEFINITION 8
- Positive PunishmentBehavior is reduced by the presentation of a noxious stimulusResponse + Outcome = Behavior stops2. Negative PunishmentBehavior is reduced by the removal of a pleasurable stimulusResponse + Outcome = Behavior stops TERM 9
Extinction
DEFINITION 9 Ocurs when the response is no longer reniforcede.g. Temper Tantrumsbehaviour: Crying and ScreamingReinforcement: Attention In most circumstances, if the tantrum is not reinforced, then the behavior will not continue TERM 10
Shaping
DEFINITION 10 Promoting 'complex' learning through a series of reinforced behaviours.E.g. Toilet training your cat
Variable Interval Schedule
Reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of timee.g. after 30- seconds, the first response will dispense a pellet TERM 17
Instinctive Drift
DEFINITION 17 There are limitations to what organisms can be trained to do based on their repertoire of behaviors TERM 18
Latent Learning
DEFINITION 18 Acquiring knowledge about responses and their circumstances without an observable demonstration of learning TERM 19
Observational Learning
DEFINITION 19 Learning Behaviors through observationFour steps of observational Learning:1. Attention2. Retention3. Reproduction4. Motivation TERM 20
Practical Applications
DEFINITION 20 Behavior Modification Techniques:Changing unwanted behaviors through reward and punishmentSome of the (many) application of operant training:- Animal Training- Child Rearing- Legal System- Education- Special Needs Individuals
When Punishment Fails
- People administer punishment inappropriately or mindlessly2. The administration of punishment depends on whether or not the punisher is present3. It is often hard to punish immediately after the response4. Punishment conveys inappropriate behavior, but not necessarily appropriate behavior5. Punishment may inadvertently be a reinforce (Attention) TERM 22
When Reward Fails
DEFINITION 22
- Rewards must be tied to the appropriate behaviour2. They can undermine the value of INTRINSIC reinforcers TERM 23
Extrinsic Reinforcers
DEFINITION 23 Rewards that come from an outside source TERM 24
Intrinsic Reinforcers
DEFINITION 24 Rewards that come from withine.g. Self-Satisfaction, pride TERM 25
Behaviourism
DEFINITION 25 Focuses on HOW organism learnStimulus - Brain - ResponsePlaces a heavy emphasis on EXPERIENCE and the notion of TABULA RASA
Extinction
Period of time when there is no association between CS - UCS TERM 32
Spontaneous Recovery
DEFINITION 32 Reappearance of a CR after a rest period TERM 33
Generalization
DEFINITION 33 When a stimulus that is similar to the CS can elicit a CRKnock on the door - dog barksif a subject can be DISCRIMINATE between stimuli, then conditioning will not transfer between stimuli TERM 34
Higher Order Conditioning
DEFINITION 34 Conditioning a conditioned stimulus CS1 (knocking) + US (dog gets attention) = CR (dog barks in excitement) CS2 (Car door closes) + CS1 (Knocking) + US (Dog gets attention) = CR (dog barks in excitement) TERM 35
Treating Phobias through EXTINCTION
DEFINITION 35
1. Desensitization Gradually reintroduce the fear inducing stimulus in a non-threatening manner 2. Flooding Repeatedly expose the fear inducing stimulus in a non-threatening manner
Taste Aversion
Avoiding foods that make us nauseous (One trial learning)An evolutionary strategy to avoid poisonous foods
