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Testing Electronic Components: A Practical Guide for Beginners, Lab Reports of Engineering

Southwestern University (SWU)Engineering

A comprehensive guide to testing various electronic components using a multimeter. It covers basic troubleshooting steps, detailed procedures for testing resistors, capacitors, potentiometers, diodes, transistors, leds, and inductors, and includes illustrative tables with measurement data. Suitable for beginners in electronics who want to learn practical skills in identifying and testing electronic components.

Typology: Lab Reports

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/02/2025

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bg1
bSouthern Luzon State University
College of Engineering
EE Department
Laboratory 2
FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFIRENT
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS AND TESTING
Group Number: 16 Date Performed: March 7, 2025
Name: Time: Friday 1:30-4:30pm
ARTILLAGA, Clarisse Ann
BALDOVINO, Neil Schumacher D.
CABALSA, Irish Nicole S.
CARILLO, Miguel Andrei
GAMITIN, Raiver D.
Rating
Engr. Joel Sevilla
INSTRUCTOR
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

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bSouthern Luzon State University College of Engineering EE Department Laboratory 2 FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFIRENT ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND TESTING Group Number: 16 Date Performed: March 7, 2025 Name: Time: Friday 1:30- 4 :30pm ARTILLAGA, Clarisse Ann BALDOVINO, Neil Schumacher D. CABALSA, Irish Nicole S. CARILLO, Miguel Andrei GAMITIN, Raiver D. Rating Engr. Joel Sevilla INSTRUCTOR

I. OBJECTIVES:

  1. To determine different electronic components by their physical appearances and properties.
  2. To determine the good and defective condition of the different electronic components using an ohmmeter.
  3. To learn how to use and test the electronic components using an ohmmeter. II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION Early scientists, who were trying to explain how electricity passed through space, thought that such an electric current was a steady stream of tiny electrical particles, they called the particles electrons, and thus every electron is made of countless numbers of electrons. When electricity passes through space as within a tube, such action is called electronics. Electronics is the field of science and engineering dealing with the release, transport, control, collection and energy conversion of subatomic particles having mass and charge acting in materials with known electromagnetic properties such as vacuum, gaseous media, plasma and semiconductors. The phenomena of electronics depend upon the number of participating charge carriers. Their dynamic acts and the properties of the environment in which the chargers (usually electrons), that may have holes, positive or negative ions. Through the passing of times, man has created such devices and components to compensate with the progress brought out by the world of electronics. There are some electronic components that are commonly used that include capacitors, which consists of conductors separated by a dielectric for introducing capacitance into an electric circuit or system for providing for the storage of electric charge; resistors that introduces resistance into and electronic circuits and may be classified whether fixed or variable resistors, transformers, diodes, transistors, speakers, fuses and many more. Electronics have dominated the world with its discoveries and will again and again dominate until the time is through. III. MATERIALS Multimeter Different electronic components (Include resistors, capacitors, potentiometers, transistors, diodes, etc) IV. PROCEDURES Three Basic Steps in Trouble Shooting Electronic Components A.Checkout An electronic project that failed the very first time it is switched ON implies that it needs further checking for wrong or improper connections, components at the wrong place, or even for a defective component. B.Circuit Analysis To find the true cause of a project failure, a construction has to analyze the circuit according to operation. In doing so, the section of a circuit-i.e., the component failed --can be identified. C.Replacing the Defective Component Once the suspected component is pinpointed, it should be taken out of the circuit and verified again. Component failed for a variety of in avoidable reasons. Don't blame anyone. When you but anything, particularly electronic components, the price you're paying does not risk of buying a component that will fail in a short time course of soldering or assembly. Nobody can accurately predict when a particular component will fail

counterclockwise. The middle terminal is the wipe arm. The rightmost terminal is the one used together with the terminal in most application.

  1. Rotate the shaft fully clockwise. The needle should be at the highest resistance reading. 4.Slowly rotate the shaft counterclockwise; the resistance reading should gradually fall to zero. Defective Indication:
  • The needle suddenly defects to infinity and back again to a certain point while the shaft is being rotated. - There is poor or defective wiper contact.
  • No resistance reading between exterior terminals. - Open resistive element. DIODES Procedure:
  1. Set the multi tester knob to any of the resistance position (x1, x10, or x10K ohm).
  2. Connect the Positive (+) probe to the anode and the -COM probe to the cathode.
  3. Connect the positive (+) probe to the cathode and the -COM probe to the anode. Good Indication:
  • The multi tester needle should deflect considerably toward the zero position. The actual resistance reading is the forward resistance of the diode. Common Defective Indication:
  • The multi tester needle does not deflect even when the probes are reversed - The diode is open.
  • The multi tester needle deflects at the same or almost the same resistance point (reading) for both 2 and 3. LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Procedure:
  1. Follow the writing guide.
  2. The anode (A) of the LED is connected to the positive terminal of the 9-volt battery Good Indication:
  • The LED glows as an indication. Defective Indication:
  • If the LED failed to glow, reverse the connection of the LED to the battery.
  • If it still failed to glow, directly (without the resistor connect the LED to the battery. Try reversing the connection also if it failed to glow.
  • If the LED does not glow yet, conclude that it is defective. - It isopen. TRANSFORMERS A transformer is checked for continuity just like a straight wire. Procedure:
  1. Identify the terminals of the transforming windings.
  2. Set the multi tester to the x1 or x10 OHM scale for continuity test of

the secondary windings (x10 or x1K for primary windings). Good Indication:

PICTURES OF TESTING

Table 1. Resistor ( 330 Ω) DMM (Ω) VOM (Ω) 1 329.2 300 2 327.5 300 3 327.5 300 4 329.7 300 5 329 300 6 326.3 300 7 327 300 8 327 300 9 324.3 300 10 330.5 300 Capacitor (100 μF) DMM (μF) 1 114. 2 100. Push Button Good Bad 1 Normally open ✓ 2 Normally closed ✓ Trimmer DMM VOM 1-2 2-3 1-3 1-2 2-3 1- 0 1.2Ω 10.24kΩ 10.23kΩ 1Ω 10kΩ 10kΩ 20% 2.029kΩ 8.35kΩ 10.26kΩ 2.1kΩ 8kΩ 10kΩ 40% 4.090kΩ 6.26kΩ 10.23kΩ 4kΩ 6kΩ 10kΩ 60% 6.09kΩ 4.234kΩ 10.24kΩ 6kΩ 4kΩ 10kΩ 80% 8.00kΩ 2.3kΩ 10.21kΩ 8kΩ 2.2kΩ 10kΩ 100% 10.00kΩ 382.8kΩ 10.34kΩ 10kΩ 400Ω 10kΩ Diode DMM Forward Bias -0.579V Reversed Bias 0 Switch DMM (Ω) NC 0. NC 0. NO 0

VOM, ranged from 390Ω (white) to 2kΩ (blue and red). Inductor (coil) resistance measurements showed 29Ω for 60mH, 0.3Ω for 4μH, 18.9Ω for 2μH, and 10.8Ω for 1μH, demonstrating the expected relationship between inductance and resistance, where lower inductance values exhibit lower resistance. The measurements confirm the expected behavior of all tested components. The slight variations observed in resistors, capacitors, and other components fall within their standard tolerance ranges. The push buttons, trimmers, potentiometers, diode, and transistor function as expected, while the photoresistor exhibits proper sensitivity to light. The LED voltage drops align with theoretical values for different colors, and the inductors demonstrate a predictable inductance-to- resistance relationship. These findings validate the accuracy of the testing methods and confirm that the components operate within their designed specifications. VI. CONCLUSION The experiment successfully tested and analyzed various electrical components using a Digital Multimeter (DMM) and a Volt-Ohm Meter (VOM), confirming their expected electrical properties. The resistors exhibited minor variations from their nominal 330Ω value, which were within acceptable tolerance limits. Capacitor measurements also showed slight deviations, particularly with one 100μF capacitor measuring 114.8μF, which is within the standard ±20% tolerance range for electrolytic capacitors. The push button tests confirmed that one was normally open and the other normally closed, verifying their correct operation. The trimmer and potentiometer both demonstrated proper resistance adjustments according to their settings, confirming smooth and predictable resistance variation. Diode testing showed expected behavior, with a forward bias voltage drop of 0.379V and no conduction in reverse bias. The photoresistor exhibited significant resistance changes in response to varying light conditions, with 5.1MΩ in darkness, 24kΩ in normal light, and 6.27kΩ under a flashlight, validating its light-sensitive nature. The transistor test results confirmed proper operation, with a base- emitter resistance of 68.3Ω in forward bias and 70V across the collector- emitter in reverse bias. LED voltage drops varied depending on color, with white at 1.738V, green at 1.814V, and yellow at 1.809V, while blue and red LEDs did not register a drop, likely due to the test conditions. Inductor resistance measurements followed the expected pattern, where higher inductance values exhibited higher resistance, with 60mH measuring 29Ω and 1μH measuring 10.8Ω. The experiment successfully validated the expected electrical behavior of the tested components. Minor deviations in readings were within standard tolerance levels, confirming the accuracy of the measurement methods. The results demonstrate that all components function correctly and adhere to their expected characteristics, reinforcing their reliability in practical applications.