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It’s all about application, Cheat Sheet of Clinical Medicine

Clinical phrm 1 for third year

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2022/2023

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Contents of a Medical Chart
Clinical Pharmacy
3E-PH
First Shifting
August 10, 2020
Reviewer 1
Surname 1, Surname 2, Surname 3, Surname 4 [Editor’s Surname]
1 of 4
Medical Chart
a narrative or record of past events and circumstances that are or
may be relevant to a patient's current state of health.
a comprehensive statement of facts pertaining to past and
present health gathered, ideally from the patient
Contents of a Medical Chart
1. Admission Report
2. Consent to Treatment Statements
3. Attestation Statement (Attending Physician's Statement)
4. Medical History
5. Physician's Orders
6. Report of Physical Examination
7. Progress Notes
8. Pathology Reports
9. Radiology Reports
10. Consultation Reports
11. Anesthesia Record
12. Operative Report
13. Nurses’ Notes
14. Vital Signs Graphics
15. Medication and Administration Record
16. Laboratory Report
17. Physical Therapy Evaluation
18. Respiratory Therapy Evaluation
19. Special Reports (Obstetrics, Nursery)
20. Discharge Reports
Medical History
A. Patient Demographics
Patient Name
Age
Gender
Status
Address
Occupation
Religion
B. Chief Complaint (CC)
Indicate the reason of admission to the hospital in the words of
the informant
EXAMPLE:
“I’m having pain in my leg.”
“I was not feeling well, and I think I passed out.”
“My right arm feels like it’s frozen. I can barely move it.”
C. History of Present illness (HPI)
A chronologic description o f the development of the Pt's present
illness
EXAMPLE #1: Carson Johnson is a 67-year-old African-
American man admitted in the emergency room at 8:45 AM after
noticing a sudden onset of weakness in his right arm. He woke
up at 7:15 AM and went to the bathroom to brush his teeth. While
walking from the bathroom to the kitchen, h e noticed general
weakness and had trouble saying “good morning” to his son, with
whom he lives. His son immediately brought him to the ER. While
in the ER, he started to have a rightsided facial drop. He denied
any dizziness, vomiting, or headache.
EXAMPLE # 2: This is the first admission for this 13-month-old
white boy who was felt to be well until approximately 3 weeks ago
when his stools became loose and f requent. This problem
persisted with three to four stools daily until three days ago when
he developed a fever (documented only by his mother's feeling
that he was warm). The stools became green and "slimy"
although the frequency remained unchanged. His intake of fluids
consisted of three 3-oz. bottles of whole milk. No solids were
tolerated. On the day of admission the baby did not take any
feedings. He vomited twice admitted to the hospital. No fever was
noted. His responsiveness had decreased to the point of
unresponsiveness. On arrival in the e mergency room he was
immediately given an intravenous bolus of normal saline and
admitted to the ward.
D. Past Medical History
Prior illnesses
Past treatments
All medical and surgical hospitalization
EXAMPLE#1: In 1996, Lucy experienced a minor stroke, which
caused temporary paralysis in her left arm. She was monitored in
hospital for three weeks and recovered. 3 years ago, Lucy was
diagnosed as lupus carrier. Since the diagnosis, Lucy has been
taking Warfarin and she expects to maintain Warfarin therapy fo r
life.
EXAMPLE #2: Hypertension. He appears to have had this for at
least the last fifteen years. Reviewing his outpatient records his
blood pressures average in the upper 140s for systolic pressures
and 70s for diastolic pressures, consistent with isolated systolic
hypertension. He is on Atacand and Lopressor. His last EKG was
in November 2007 and showed no chamber enlargement by ekg
criteria. He does show evidence of hypertensive heart disease on
his last echo in November 2 007 with concentric left ventricular
hypertrophy.
EXAMPLE #3:
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
s/p appendectomy 2009
s/p CABG in 2007
s/p cataract surgery in 2011
s/p kidney stone retrieval 2013
E. Family Medical History
present health or cause of death of parents, brothers, sisters
F. Social History
Marital status
Past and present occupations
Travel
Hobbies
Stresses
Diet
Habits
Use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs
G. Medication, Allergies and Immunization
List any medications prescription, including over-the-counter
medications, home remedies, vitamins, and supplements as well.
H. Review of System
An organized and complete examination of a Pt's organ systems
Includes the patient’s “inventory” of signs and/or symptoms.
These are most ofte n answer to questions asked by the provi der
in order to establish a working diagnosis.
QUESTIONS:
“Do you have any problems breathing?”
“Do you have shortness of breath when exercising, walking,
climbing the stairs?”
TRANSCRIPTIONS:
Patient states his chest hurts when he coughs, but not when he
takes a deep breath.
“No SOB”
“No complaints of pain in joints”
“No problems sleeping.”
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Contents of a Medical Chart Clinical Pharmacy

3 E-PH First Shifting August 10, 2020 Reviewer 1

Surname 1, Surname 2, Surname 3, Surname 4 [Editor’s Surname] 1 of 4

Medical Chart

  • a narrative or record of past events and circumstances that are or may be relevant to a patient's current state of health.
  • a comprehensive statement of facts pertaining to past and present health gathered, ideally from the patient Contents of a Medical Chart
  1. Admission Report
  2. Consent to Treatment Statements
  3. Attestation Statement (Attending Physician's Statement)
  4. Medical History
  5. Physician's Orders
  6. Report of Physical Examination
  7. Progress Notes
  8. Pathology Reports
  9. Radiology Reports
  10. Consultation Reports
  11. Anesthesia Record
  12. Operative Report
  13. Nurses’ Notes
  14. Vital Signs Graphics
  15. Medication and Administration Record
  16. Laboratory Report
  17. Physical Therapy Evaluation
  18. Respiratory Therapy Evaluation
  19. Special Reports (Obstetrics, Nursery)
  20. Discharge Reports Medical History A. Patient Demographics
  • Patient Name
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Status
  • Address
  • Occupation
  • Religion B. Chief Complaint (CC)
  • Indicate the reason of admission to the hospital in the words of the informant
  • EXAMPLE: − “I’m having pain in my leg.” − “I was not feeling well, and I think I passed out.” − “My right arm feels like it’s frozen. I can barely move it.” C. History of Present illness (HPI)
  • A chronologic description of the development of the Pt's present illness
  • EXAMPLE #1: Carson Johnson is a 67 - year-old African- American man admitted in the emergency room at 8:45 AM after noticing a sudden onset of weakness in his right arm. He woke up at 7:15 AM and went to the bathroom to brush his teeth. While walking from the bathroom to the kitchen, he noticed general weakness and had trouble saying “good morning” to his son, with whom he lives. His son immediately brought him to the ER. While in the ER, he started to have a rightsided facial drop. He denied any dizziness, vomiting, or headache.
  • EXAMPLE # 2: This is the first admission for this 13-month-old white boy who was felt to be well until approximately 3 weeks ago when his stools became loose and frequent. This problem persisted with three to four stools daily until three days ago when he developed a fever (documented only by his mother's feeling that he was warm). The stools became green and "slimy" although the frequency remained unchanged. His intake of fluids consisted of three 3-oz. bottles of whole milk. No solids were tolerated. On the day of admission the baby did not take any feedings. He vomited twice admitted to the hospital. No fever was noted. His responsiveness had decreased to the point of unresponsiveness. On arrival in the emergency room he was immediately given an intravenous bolus of normal saline and admitted to the ward. D. Past Medical History
  • Prior illnesses
  • Past treatments
  • All medical and surgical hospitalization
  • EXAMPLE#1: In 1996 , Lucy experienced a minor stroke, which caused temporary paralysis in her left arm. She was monitored in hospital for three weeks and recovered. 3 years ago, Lucy was diagnosed as lupus carrier. Since the diagnosis, Lucy has been taking Warfarin and she expects to maintain Warfarin therapy for life.
  • EXAMPLE #2: Hypertension. He appears to have had this for at least the last fifteen years. Reviewing his outpatient records his blood pressures average in the upper 140s for systolic pressures and 70s for diastolic pressures, consistent with isolated systolic hypertension. He is on Atacand and Lopressor. His last EKG was in November 2007 and showed no chamber enlargement by ekg criteria. He does show evidence of hypertensive heart disease on his last echo in November 2007 with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.
  • EXAMPLE #3: − Hypertension − Dyslipidemia − s/p appendectomy 2009 − s/p CABG in 2007 − s/p cataract surgery in 2011 − s/p kidney stone retrieval 2013 E. Family Medical History
  • present health or cause of death of parents, brothers, sisters F. Social History
  • Marital status
  • Past and present occupations
  • Travel
  • Hobbies
  • Stresses
  • Diet
  • Habits
  • Use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs G. Medication, Allergies and Immunization
  • List any medications prescription, including over-the-counter medications, home remedies, vitamins, and supplements as well. H. Review of System
  • An organized and complete examination of a Pt's organ systems
  • Includes the patient’s “inventory” of signs and/or symptoms. These are most often answer to questions asked by the provider in order to establish a working diagnosis.
  • QUESTIONS: − “Do you have any problems breathing?” − “Do you have shortness of breath when exercising, walking, climbing the stairs?”
  • TRANSCRIPTIONS: − Patient states his chest hurts when he coughs, but not when he takes a deep breath. − “No SOB” − “No complaints of pain in joints” − “No problems sleeping.”

Clinical Pharmacy: Contents of a Medical Chart First Shifting - Reviewer 1

SALUDES 2 of^4

I. Physical Exam

  • Evaluation of the body and its functions using: − inspection − palpation − percussion − auscultation
  • Example − Vital Signs o Temperature 100. o Pulse 96 regular with occasional extra beat, o Respiration 24, o Blood pressure 180/100 lying down
  • Generally, a well-developed, slightly obese, elderly black woman sitting up in bed, breathing with slight difficulty. Physician Orders - These are the marching orders of the attending physician as regards tests, medication, and treatment

Clinical Pharmacy: Contents of a Medical Chart First Shifting - Reviewer 1

SALUDES 4 of^4

Surgical Form

  • Pre-operating diagnosis
  • Procedure/s to be done
  • Findings
  • Details
  • Recommendation Fluid Intake and Output Chart
  • Intake is any measurable fluid that goes into the patient's body. − fluids (such as water, soup, and fruit juice). − "solids" composed primarily of liquids (such as ice cream and gelatin) − fluids that are introduced through IV
  • Output is any measurable fluid that comes from the body. − urine, drainage, vomitus (matter vomited), and stools (fecal discharge from the bowels). Consultations
  • Notes from specialized diagnosticians or care providers Consents
  • Includes permissions signed by patient for procedures, tests, or access to chart. May also contain releases, such as the release signed by the patient when leaving the facility against medical advice (AMA). Patient Medication Profile - A comprehensive written summary of all regular medicines taken by a patient − Standing Medications – current medication list of the patient − Stat Medications – drugs for emergency purposes − Intravenous Medications – current IV therapy of the patient END OF REVIEWER

Hypertension Clinical Pharmacy

3 E-PH First Shifting August 15, 2020 Reviewer 2 HYPERTENSION Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the module the students are expected to:

  • Define hypertension and identify how it is diagnosed
  • Define the nationally accepted guidelines for diagnosis and staging severity and its recommended BP goals
  • Differentiate primary and secondary hypertension
  • Explain the pathophysiology of hypertension
  • Define lifestyle changes which can reduce blood pressure
  • Understand the rationale of hypertension pharmacotherapy Blood DEFINITION Hypertension is a common disease usually characterized by the presence of elevated blood pressure which may put patients at risk for target organ damage (Table 1). According to the American Colleges of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA), hypertension is defined as a blood pressure > 130 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic). Table 1: Complication of Hypertension Organ Effect Brain Organ Effect Brain Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Cerebral Hemorrhage Development of Aneurysm Alteration in mobility, weakness, paralysis, alteration in memory, headache, confusion and convulsion Heart Myocardial infarction (MI) Hypertensive cardiomyopathy Heart failure Retina Hypertensive retinopathy Kidney Hypertensive nephropathy; Chronic kidney failure Blood Blood Elevated sugar level PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION Blood pressure is regulated by the cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart over a period of one minute. It is the product of the heart rate and the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle per beat also known as stroke volume. Total peripheral resistance on the other hand is the overall resistance of the entire systemic circulation to flow blood. Figure 1 illustrates the different factors that could affect blood pressure and may result to hypertension. Figure 1. Blood Pressure Regulation

SYMPATHETIC ADRENERGIC SYSTEM

The pressure receptor (Baroreceptor) responds to changes in blood pressure and affects the dilation and contraction of the arteries. When stimulated to constrict, it increases heart rate and increases total peripheral resistance thus increasing the blood pressure. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM Renin (an enzyme) is released as a response to sympathetic stimulation, decrease sodium delivery in the distal tubule and renal artery hypertension. It reacts with angiotensinogen to produce Angiotensin I which is a weak vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme or ACE, then hydrolyzes decapeptide angiotensin I to form octapeptide angiotensin II which a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II has several functions in the regulation of blood pressure which includes the following:

  • Stimulation of the release of aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption, fluid volume retention and blood pressure
  • Constricts resistance vessel, thus increasing peripheral vascular resistance and arterial pressure.
  • Stimulates the release of vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone BLOOD PRESSURE CATEGORIES Blood pressure categories are presented from fig. 2 – 4. Figure 3. Blood Pressure classification based on the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Guidelines of 2018 Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Clinical Pharmacy: Hypertension First Shifting - Reviewer 2

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF HYPERTENSION

  • Risk Factors A patient with hypertension may appear asymptomatic; but the following conditions may put the patient at risk for hypertension − Age of > 55 years old for men and 65 years old for women − Diabetes mellitus − Dylipidemia − Microalbuminemia − Family history of premature cardiovascular disease − Obesity − Physical inactivity − Tobacco use − Genetics Hypertension is more common in Black people of African Caribbean origin.
  • Laboratory Test Patients may have normal values and still have hypertension. The following are some laboratory test which may consider a patient to be at for hypertension if tested to be outside the normal range. − Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Serum Creatinine − Fasting lipid panel − Fasting blood glucose − Serum potassium − Urinalysis Other test that may be conducted are 12-lead electrocardiogram and highly sensitive C-reactive protein. HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS It is the autoregulatory mechanism when the body did not have enough time to adapt with the rapid elevation in the blood pressure which may result into complication. It may be classified either as hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency.
  • Hypertensive urgency is a substantial increase of blood pressure where the diastolic blood pressure may range from 120
    • 130 mmHg, which warrants a BP reduction within several hours. This situation does not manifest evidence of target organ damage.
  • Hypertensive emergency on the other hand is characterized by evidence of impending target organ damage such as myocardial infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. It may be manifested as accelerated hypertension or malignant hypertension. Both situation requires reduction of the blood pressure by 20 – 25% to prevent or minimize end-organ damage. Manifestations of target organ damage is presented in Table 2. − Accelerated hypertension is when a patient may have a systolic BP of >210 and a diastolic BP > 130; and experience headache, blurred vision, and focal neurological symptoms. − Malignant hypertension patient presents with papilledema Table 2. Manifestations of Target organ damage Organ System Manifestation Large Vessels Aneurysmal dilation, accelerated sclerosis Cardiac Pulmonary edema, MI (acute); CAD, LVH (chronic) Cerebrovascular Coma, intracerebral bleeding (acute); Stroke (chronic) Renal Hematuria, Azotemia (acute); Proteinuria, Elevated Serum creatinine (chronic) Retinopathy Papilledema (acute); Hemorrhage, exudates, arterial nicking (chronic) Diagnosis and management of hypertensive crisis is presented in figure 8, while the list of medications to be used during hypertensive crisis is presented in table 3. Table 3. Medications used for Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency Hypertensive Emergency Hypertensive Urgency Nitroprusside Captopril Esmolol and Labetalol Clonidine Nicardipine Minoxidil Nitroglycerin Nifedipine Hydralazine Labetalol Fenoldopam ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION happens when the systolic blood pressure is >140 mmHg but the diastolic blood pressure is normal at <80 mmHg. This frequently occurs in elderly patients, during this event nonpharmacologic treatment should be attempted first. If it fails administration of medications may be done. RESISTANT HYPERTENSION is when high blood pressure does not respond or is uncontrolled even with 3 or more antihypertensive agents. Causes of resistant hypertension is presented in figure 9. Fig. 9 Causes of resistant hypertension lifted from Pharmacotherapy A Physiological Approach by Joseph DiPiro, PharmD, FCCP GOAL OF TREATMENT In hypertension the goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and target organ damage through adequate blood pressure control. Fig 10. Shows the blood pressure threshold and recommendation for treatment and follow up from the 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for Hypertension.

Clinical Pharmacy: Hypertension First Shifting - Reviewer 2

Fig 10. Blood pressure threshold and recommendation for treatment and follow up from the 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for Hypertension. NON-PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY FOR HYPERTENSION includes lifestyle modification such as exercise, smoking cessation, weight reduction for patients who are overweight and obese, low salt & low-fat diet, judicious consumption of alcohol and adequate nutritional intake of vitamins and minerals such as those rich in calcium and potassium. Best proven non-pharmacologic interventions for prevention and treatment of hypertension from the 2017 ACC/ AHA Guideline for Hypertension is presented in Figure

PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY FOR HYPERTENSION Initial drug choice for hypertension is affected by coexistent factors such as:

  • Age and race
  • Presence of angina, LVH or heart failure
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Gout
  • Bronchospasm
  • Obesity and hyperlipidemia Fig. 11. Best Proven Non-Pharmacologic Intervention for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension, lifted from the 2017 ACC/ AHA Guideline for Hypertension.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS

The first line of treatment for hypertension in the absence of any contraindication for its use is Thiazide diuretics. Calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors are as effective as beta blockers but with fewer side effects. Blood pressure is managed with any of the given class of agents, a change within the drug class may be useful in reducing adverse effects. For initial treatment, the lowest possible effective dose should be used for BP control and adjusted every 1 – 3 months as needed. What should be done if there is an inadequate patient response to the current drug regimen? Majority of the patients with stage 1 hypertension can attain adequate BP control with single – drug therapy but when a 2nd drug is needed, it can be generally chosen from among the other first line agents. DIURETICS

  • Loop diuretics inhibits the sodium potassium chloride cotransporter in the thick ascending loop. It normally reabsorbs around 25% of the sodium load and thus inhibits the pump which could lead to a significant increase of sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule. This alteration of sodium and water handling leads to diuresis and natriuresis. By acting on the thick ascending loop which handles a significant amount of sodium reabsorption makes loop diuretic a very powerful diuretic. Drugs belonging to this class are bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide and torsemide.
  • Thiazide diuretics , most commonly used diuretic, inhibits the sodium-chloride channel in the distal convoluted tubule. Since the channel normally only reabsorbs around 5% of filtered sodium, these diuretics are less efficacious than loop diuretics in producing diuresis and natriuresis. Bendroflumethiazide and hydrochlorthiazide belong to this class. Loop and thiazide diuretics increases potassium loss causing hypokalemia because of its increase sodium delivery in the distal portion of the of the distal convoluted tubule. This increase in sodium concentration thus stimulates the aldosterone sensitive sodium pump to increase sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ion, which are lost to the urine. Increased aldosterone therefor stimulates sodium reabsorption and increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion into the urine.
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics are diuretics that do not act directly on the sodium transporter but rather some of the drugs belonging in this class antagonizes the action of aldosterone at the distal segment of the distal tubule. This results more sodium to pass into the collecting ducts to be excreted in the urine. They are referred to as potassium sparring because they do not produce hypokalemia like the other class of diuretics. The mechanism of action of the diuretics are illustrated in figure 12. Fig. 12 Mechanism of action of the diuretics

Clinical Pharmacy: Hypertension First Shifting - Reviewer 2

According to the 8th Joint National Commission, first line recommendations for hypertensive patients are Thiazide diuretics, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, Long Acting Calcium Channel Blocker or a single-pill combination of the said drug classes. A combination of 2 first line drug may be considered as initial therapy if the blood pressure is

20 mmHg systolic or >10 mmHg diastolic above the target blood pressure. Initial drug selection is based on comorbidities and race, fig. 17. shows initial monotherapy for the different comorbidities with respect to race. HYPERTENSION TREATMENT FOR THE SPECIAL POPULATION Geriatric Patients In elderly patients, monotherapy is clearly inadequate for controlling the blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular outcomes and stroke. Thiazide like diuretics are the cornerstone antihypertensive agents for elderly patients. They have a tract record in preventing stroke and other cardiovascular events. Just take note of their side effects such as hypokalemia, dehydration and orthostatic hypertension. Calcium channel blockers on the other hand may also be used as an alternative as first line treatment in some patients with metabolic syndrome. For elderly patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBS is recommended. It reduces the incidence of new onset of diabetes. It is less robust in BP lowering BP than calcium channel blocker and diuretics. It is most useful when combined with a diuretic or calcium channel blocker. Coughing is a significant side effect associated with the use ACE inhibitors. Diabetic Patients The use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in hypertensive patients with diabetes have shown to prevent or delay microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes, thus is recommended as their first line of antihypertensive agents. ACE inhibitors also delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease. In a systematic review of the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetic kidney disease showed that treatment at maximum tolerable dosages was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality. Treatment with dosages of up to one half the maximum did not reduce all-cause mortality rates. The NKF recommends that ACE inhibitors or ARBs are preferred agents for the treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes and stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 chronic kidney disease. However, transient reduction in GFR and an increase in serum creatinine levels may result from the initiation of ACE inhibitors and ARB. The use of thiazide like diuretics either as monotherapy or as part of a combination is also found to be beneficial in treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes, though it is less effective in patients with diminished renal function and may cause metabolic alterations. At the same time the use of higher dosage of thiazide like diuretic have been linked in cholesterol and triglyceride level elevation and loss of glycemic control. Beta-blockers are useful adjuncts when combination therapy is needed to achieve target blood pressure in diabetic patients, although they are known to mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia. They significantly decrease post MI rates and mortality associated with heart failure. Calcium channel Blockers are less effective compared to ACE inhibitors and ARBs in slowing progression of diabetic kidney disease. This group of medication is reserved for patients who cannot tolerate preferred agents or those who need additional agents to achieve their blood pressure goals. As a general rule, β-blockers should not be used as first-line treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension due to unfavorable effect on endocrine metabolism. However, a β-blocker is still a useful add-on antihypertensive agent, especially in patients with coronary artery disease, tachycardia and heart failure. Figure 18 shows the diagram for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes Patients with Renal Diseases Good blood pressure control slows down the progression of renal dysfunction for patients with chronic renal impairment. ACE inhibitors reduces the incidence of end-stage renal failure, it reduces 24 - h protein loss and should be used in patients with 24-h excretion of >3g or rapidly progressive renal dysfunction. Caution must be taken as its use may worsen renal impairment in patients with renal vascular disease thus careful monitoring of electrolytes and creatinine must be mandatory. Pregnancy Pre-eclampsia is a condition where the blood pressure increases by 30/15mmHg from the measurements obtained during the early stages of pregnancy or if the diastolic blood pressure exceeds 110mmHg and proteinuria is present. In patients with pre-eclampsia, Methyldopa is the most suitable drug of choice, although Calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, labetalol may also be used. Beta blockers are less often utilizes as they are associated with intrauterine growth retardation. ACE inhibitors and ARBs on the other hand are contraindicated as they cause oligohydramnios, renal failure and intrauterine death.

Clinical Pharmacy: Hypertension First Shifting - Reviewer 2

SUMMARY OF MEDICATION CLASS CONSIDERATIONS

Thiazides Diuretics

  • May be a problem in urine incontinent patients or in elderly who become urine incontinent
  • Studies have shown that doses above 25mg a day of HCTZ (hydrochlorothiazide) does not decrease BP or morbidity and mortality
  • Watch chemistry levels (hyponatremia or hypokalemia)
  • Avoid in gout patients
  • Start at lower doses in elderly who may be very sensitive
  • May slow demineralization in osteoporosis
  • May be associated with erectile dysfunction Loop Diuretics
  • Monitor electrolytes and Creatinine
  • Start at lower doses in the elderly
  • Not included in JNC 8 treatment algorithm Beta Blockers
  • Not first line agent in JNC 8
  • Check initial EKG and pulse prior to use
  • You don’t have to avoid in diabetic patients as it does not mask hypoglycemia
  • Excellent for use in tachyarrhythmias / fibrillation, migraines, essential tremor, and perioperative hypertension - Usually avoided in patients with asthma and 3rd degree heart block ACE Inhibitors - Watch potassium (hyperkalemia), sodium (hyponatremia), and elevated creatinine levels - Great for renal protection - Reduces microalbuminuria - First line in renal disease - Shown to have direct heart remodeling effects - A rise of up to 35% above baseline in creatinine is acceptable - ACE inhibitor cough is common in 15 – 20% of patients due to bradykinin production - Angioedema is a serious side effect to monitor in patients - Avoid in pregnant women as they are Category C drugs ARBs - Reduces microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria - Shown to have heart remodeling effects - Avoid in pregnant patients as they are Category C drugs - Less bradykinin production - Also first line in renal patients Calcium Channel Blocker - May be useful in Raynaud’s Syndrome - May be useful in certain arrhythmias - Often causes leg edema (15-30% depending on different studies) - Short acting calcium channel blockers are contraindicated for use in essential hypertension and hypertensive urgencies or emergencies Aldosterone Antagonist and Potassium Sparing Diuretics - May cause hyperkalemia - Avoid in patients with K ≥ 5 prior to starting meds - Low dose aldosterone antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in congestive heart failure patients but increase sudden death at higher doses Alpha Blocker - No proven decrease in morbidity and mortality demonstrated in research studies - Not mentioned in JNC 7 or JNC 8 algorithms for treatment of essential hypertension - Only useful as adjunct in hard to control blood pressure - May be useful in prostatism but should not be used as a first line anti-hypertensive in patients with BPH