Introduction to the World of Algae, Slides of Biology

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Introduction to the World of

Algae

FOSIL HISTORY OF ALGAE

Dates back to 3.5 billion years before present.

• First prokoratic unicelluler algae

Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic, without any complex

organization.

• Cells with complex organization evolved with nucleus

and other cellular organelles.

With the exception of the cyanobacteria,

algae are eukaryotes, that is, the insides of their cells

are organized into separate membrane-wrapped

organelles, including a nucleus and Mitochondria.

ORIGIN OF PROKARYOTES

H 2 O,

H 2 ,

CH 4 ,

NH 3

Organic Monomer Organic Polymer (protenoid) Protobion Progenot (primordial cell) Ancient prokaryotic cells

ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES

Membahas Terdiri

PROTISTS

Animal-like Protists Fungi-like Protists Plant-Like Protists Flagellata Ciliata Sporozoa Rhizopoda Protozoa Alga Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Chrysophyta Chlorophyta Single Celled Fungi Slime Mold Myxomycotina Oomycotina

1. Plant-Like Protists / Algae

2. Animal-Like Protists / Protozoa

3. Fungus-Like Protists

Classified based on its similarity to higher kingdoms, into 3 groups:

Plant-Like Protists / Algae Animal-Like Protists / Protozoa Fungus-Like Protists

Oscillatoria probosideae (^) Nostoc calcicola Chroococcus species Gleocapsa crepidinum

Types of Pigments in Algae Photosynthetic Pigments Non-Photosynthetic Pigments Chlorophyllofil Fukosanchin xanthophyll Phycoerythrin Fikosianin Carotene Phycobilin

A. The types of chlorophyll are as follows:

• (^) chlorophyll a: produces blue-green color, C55H72O5N4Mg
• (^) chlorophyll b: produces yellowish-green color,

C55H70O6N4Mg

• (^) chlorophyll c: produces brownish-green color,
• (^) C3 group (-CH = CH2) (-CH = CH2) (-CH = CH2) (-CH)
• (^) C7 group (-CH3) (-CHO) (-CH3) (-CH3) (-CH3)
• (^) C8 group (-CH2CH3) (-CH2CH3) (-CH2CH3) (-CH)
• (^) C17 group (-CH2CH2COO-Phytyl) (-CH2CH2COO-Phytyl),

found in brown algae Phaeophyta and diatoms

Bacillariophyta

• chlorophyll d: produces red-green color C 54 H 70 O 6 N 4 Mg.

found in the red algae Rhadophyta

What is different in land plants?

Green algae Charophytes Evolution of number of anatomical, physiological and reproductive adaptations

Plant

Land colonization

Algae and plants have the

same life cycle called

alternation of generations

• Algae lack the roots, stems, leaves, and other structures typical of true plants The photosynthetic portion of the alga is a thallus while the attachment portion comprises hair-like rhizoids (holdfast) ----- Thallophytes
• Algae do not have vascular tissues ---- non vascular plants. No “pipes” to carry fluids. An alga moves its materials strictly through diffusion and osmosis.
• Algae do not form embryos within protective coverings. Mostly, sperm and eggs of algae fuse in the open water and the zygote develops into a new plant without any protection. For other plant groups the zygote develops into an embryo within the protection of the parent plant. For this reason, all other plant groups are termed Embryophytes.
• (^) Reproductive structures The gametes are produced within a single cell. There is no jacket of sterile cells protecting the gametes.
• (^) Variations in pigments and cell structure ( unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms). How are algae different with higher plants?