INTRODUCTION to LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM PHARMACY, Papers of Anatomy

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ANATOMY

L- 2

04 - Mar- 21

PHARMACY DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION to ANATOMY & MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS REGIONS of the BODY

• Head: The most upper part of the body. Accommodates CNS, orbit, nasal cavity, oral cavity and related organs.
• Neck: The part between head and body.
• Trunk (body): Has 3 sub-regions: thoracic cage , abdomen and pelvis.
• Upper limb: Arm, forearm, wrist and hand
• Lower limb: Thigh, leg, ankle and foot REGIONAL TERMS

SKELETAL SYSTEM

- Major Components

• Bones
• Cartilages
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Joints - Major Functions
• Provide protection for internal organs (skull, ribs)
• Provide support for body
• Mechanical advantage for muscular actions (levers)
• Storage of vital minerals - calcium (99%)
• Site of blood cell formation (red bone marrow) **MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscular System**
• Major Components, muscles of different type/function
• Striated muscle (voluntary)
• Smooth muscle (involuntary)
• Cardiac muscle (heart) - Major Functions
• Striated muscle
• Primarily to contract on command
• Allows voluntary motions such as walking, grasping, and moving in general, facial expressions
• Smooth muscle
• Contracts to allow involuntary motion
• Along arteries, digestive tract
• Cardiac muscle
• Contracts in rhythmic fashion involuntarily
• Propels blood through lungs and body

NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Major Components

• Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
• Nerves and sensory organs (PNS) - Major Functions
• Detect changes in internal and external environment
• Respond to changes to keep body homeostatic
• Organize activities of muscles and glands
• Thoughts, ideas, behavior, emotions, memory… ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Major Components
• Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
• Ovaries, testicles, pancreas - Major Functions
• Maintains body homeostasis, growth, development
• Produce hormones in response to a variety of stimuli (increased sugar level, sexual attraction, length of day)
• Hormones then act on target organ to cause change CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  • Major Components
• Heart
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
• Blood (serum, proteins, red & white cells)
• Major Functions
• Primarily a transport system moving blood
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions (salts, Na,K,Ca,Cl)
• Nutrients and waste
• Hormones and proteins
• White blood cells and antibodies

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

- Major Components

• Oral cavity
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestine
• Rectum
• Other: teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas - Major Functions
• Breakdown foods into minute particles to be absorbed by the blood and delivered to body
• Remove unused foodstuff from the body as feces **URINARY SYSTEM
• Major Components**
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra - Major Functions
• Remove nitrogen-based waste molecules (urea, uric acid, ammonia) from the blood and body
• Maintain water balance and ion/acid balance of blood

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

- Major Components

• Male: testicles, scrotum, penis, and production and transport system for sperm
• Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina - Major Functions
• Produce gametes (sperm and egg)
• Allow means for conception to occur
• Provide environment for fetal development **IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Major Components**
• Tonsils
• Lymphatic system
• Thymus
• Spleen
• Appendix
• Bone marrow
• White blood cells
• Other special immune cells - Major Functions
• Identify foreign particles and eliminate S

BONES

• Bones are living structures having a blood and nerve supply
• All bones are covered with a layer called periosteum except their joint Surfaces
• Bones in the living body have some elasticity (provided by the organic substances) and great rigidity (provided by the unique internal anatomy constituted by inorganic substances, mainly CaPo4)

- Periosteum - Fibrous layer - Cambium layer (osteogenic) (growth in width) **- Endosteum

• Articular cartilage
• Outer bony substance**
  • Cortical (compact) bone
    • (Haversian + Volkmann’s canals)
    • Osteon
• Cancellous (trabecular, spongy)bone
  • Medullary cavity - Bone marrow
  • Red bone marrow
    • sternum, ilium, vertebrae
  • Yellow bone marrow
• Nutrient foramens (nutrient arteries) DIFFERENT TYPES of BONES . • Long bones (have a shaft and two extremities)
• Short bones (more or less cuboidal in shape)
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Pneumatic bones (contains air cells or sinuses)
• Sesamoid bones (round or oval nodules of bones that develop in certain tendons)
• Accessory bones (develops as a result of additional ossification center or lack of fuse)

SURFACE FEATURES on the BONES

• Surfaces of the bones are not smooth, bones display elevations, depressions and holes
• The surface features on the bones are given names to distinguish and define them. - Linear elevations
  • line, crest - Round elevations
  • tubercule (small eminence), protuberance (swelling) - Sharp elevations
  • spine, process - Rounded articular areas
  • head, condyle - Openings
  • foramen, fissure, aperture - Facets
  • area with a smooth surface where a bone articulates with another bone - Depressions
  • fossae (small depression), groove (sulcus, long narrow depressions) - Canal
  • a foramen having length - Orifice
  • opening - Meatus
  • a canal entering a structure

ARTHROLOGY study of joints ARTHROLOGY

• Arthrology is the study of joints. Joints hold bones together and allow muscles action
• Joints are formed by the articulation between the articular surfaces of two or more bones
  • Joints btw. 2 bones; simple joints
  • Joints btw. more than 2 bones; composite joints
  • Joints with a disc or meniscus; complex joints
• Articular system consists of joints and their associated bones and ligaments
• Joints are classified into 2 groups;
  • Synarthrosis (solid joints)
  • Diarthrosis (freely movable joints)

GOMPHOSIS (DENTOALVEOLAR JOINT) & SYNDESMOSIS

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

ESSENTIAL FEATURES

• Articular (joint) cavity (space btw. The articular surfaces)
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces)
• Articular capsule (capsule surrounding the joint formed of two layers)
  • Fibrous membrane (protects and give firmness to the joint stability)
  • Synovial membrane (lines the inner surface of the fibrous membrane but does not cover the articular cartilage. Secretes a fluid known as synovial fluid. This fluid helps to minimize the friction btw articular surfaces)

MYOLOGY

study of muscles MUSCLES

• Motion
• Position (posture)
• Body heat (%85) MUSCLES
• Skeletal muscles (striated muscles) (voluntary)
  • 42% of the total body weight
  • Contracts & be tired fast
  • Myosin (%55), actin, troponin (binds Ca), tropomyosin
  • Myoglobin (protein that binds O2)
  • Innervated by the somatic nerves
• Straight muscles (involuntary)
  • 10% of the total body weight
  • Contracts slowly
  • On the walls of the organs & vessels
  • Calmodulin (binds Ca)
  • Lack of myoglobin
  • Innervated by the autonomic nerves
• Heart muscle
  • Contracts rhythmic & autonomic
  • Intercalated discs btw. adjacent cells
  • Innervated by the autonomic nerves
  • Conduction is provided by myocytes