Human Development According to Harry Stack Sullivan, Essays (university) of Medicine

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Human Development

According to Harry Stack

Sullivan

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Harry Stack Sullivan was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who developed The Interpersonal Theory. The Interpersonal Theory explains seven stages of development, which Harry Stack Sullivan calls "epochs" consisting of infancy (infants), childhood (children), juvenile, preadolescence (pre-adolescent), early adolescence (early adolescent), late adolescence ( late adolescence), and adulthood (adult). This theory is based on the belief that a person's interactions with other people determine the feelings of security, sense of self, and dynamism that motivate their behavior. According to Sullivan, personality is the product of a series of stages in which the individual gradually develops "good feelings" for others and good feelings for himself.1, This reference is structured to increase knowledge about what is meant by human development and human development according to Harry Stacks Sullivan.

where at that time the child first has the ability to make intimate friendships, which have not been completely disturbed by lustful attractions.5– C. Personality Structure According to Harry Stacks Sullivan Although Harry Stacks Sullivan looked strictly at the dynamic nature of personality, in his opinion there are some aspects of personality that are stable over a long period of time. These processes are dynamism, personification, self- system, and cognitive process.^2 The smallest unit in interpersonal relationships is what is called dynamism (dynamism). Dynamism is the transfer of energy, which means every behavior, whether actual action or mental experience. This dynamism is then broken down into several subsets, such as fear dynamism, intimate dynamism and others. The dynamism that is characteristic of humans is that it characterizes interpersonal relationships and functions primarily to satisfy some of the basic needs of the individual. The three main dynamisms are malevolence, lust and intimacy.8, Personification includes the image an individual has of himself or others. It is a group of feelings, attitudes and concepts that grow out of experience with needs and anxieties.10, Self-system (self-system) is another important dynamism in the personality structure. The self-system serves as a security measure to protect individuals from anxiety. In order to avoid or minimize actual or potential anxiety, a person adopts various types of protective measures and supervisory controls over his behavior. These security measures establish a self-system that sanctions certain

forms of behavior, such as "good me" and discourages other forms of behavior, such as "bad me".10, According to Sullivan, cognitive processes can be grouped into three types, namely: prototaxis, which is the simplest and most basic way to experience reality in the early phases of life; parataxis which is a way of thinking that includes looking for causes and effects of an event; and syntaxists who are responsible for logic and analysis.10, D. Stages of Development According to Harry Stacks Sullivan There are seven stages of development according to Harry Stacks Sullivan. Sullivan assigned transitional ages to developmental stages, but he also recognized that development is based on experience, so that a stage may occur at different ages in unique individuals:1,

1. Infancy (0-2 years) This is the time of the most empathetic relationship between baby and mother, which is characterized by tenderness and feelings of security, or anxiety and tension. This moment is also the first expression of the self- system that emerges when the infant encounters and relates to the "good me" and "bad me" eating experiences in relation to its mother.
2. Childhood (2 years-6 years) Childhood begins with language acquisition and goes through the preschool years. Syntactical experiences develop and the child confronts and

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

The stages of human development refer to the physical, cognitive and psychosocial development of humans during their lifetime. Harry Stack Sullivan is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst from America who developed The Interpersonal Theory, explaining the seven stages of development, which he calls "epochs" consisting of infancy (0-2 years), childhood (2 years-6 years), juvenile (6 years- years), preadolescence (9 years-12 years), early adolescence (12 years-14 years), late adolescence (14 years-21 years), and adult (> 21 years). Sullivan assigned transitional ages to developmental stages, but he also recognized that development is based on experience, so that a stage may occur at a different age in a unique individual. According to Sullivan, healthy human development rests on a person's ability to build intimacy with another person, but unfortunately anxiety can arise from unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships at any age.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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