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K INGSBOROUGH COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF THE CITY U NIVERSITY OF N EW YORK
B IOLOGY 12
H u m a n A n a t o m y a n d
P h y s i o l o g y
( 4 c r e d i t s a n d 7 h o u r s )
Fall 2019 / Winter 2020
SYLLABUS AND COURSE I NFORMATION
C OURSE C O - COORDINATORS
FOR
B IOLOGY 11 & 12
Dr. Sherrye Glaser S222 368- Dr. Anna Rozenboym S132 368-
Required textbook and Laboratory manual:
Textbook for Biology 11 and Biology 12:
There is no separate textbook to be purchased. The ebook is supplied for this course at no cost on Blackboard.
Laboratory Manual for Biology 11 and 12:
Elaine N.Marieb, and Lori A. Smith. Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual (Pig version, Thirteenth edition), 2018. Pearson Publishing.
Biology 12 – Human Anatomy and Physiology
Course goals for Bio 12
- Explain the unique biochemistry of the digestive system and its relationship to energizing and providing basic structural molecules for life-sustaining activities in all body systems.
- Recognize and explain the interrelationships within and between anatomical and physiological aspects of the digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, urinary and reproductive systems, and of the interrelations between these systems as they maintain homeostasis.
- Develop the ability to analyze the relationship between structure and function within the digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, urinary and reproductive systems.
- Continue to develop proficiency in the use of basic laboratory instruments including the microscope, triple beam balance, pipettes, and glassware, and basic tools for analysis of physiological signs, including relevant computer-based equipment and software.
- Demonstrate the ability to make a connection between knowledge of anatomy and physiology and real-world situations, including healthy lifestyle decisions and homeostatic imbalances.
- Explain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body, the relationship to homeostasis, and discuss the interrelationship between the various body systems in maintaining this balance.
- Explain the anatomy and physiology of the human reproduction system, and its role in the processes of gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis and development.
- Goggles
- No open-toed shoes in lab
Learning Objectives
You will note that each of the chapters in your textbook and the laboratory exercises in your laboratory manual begins with a list of clearly defined objectives. These objectives are not questions, rather they identify the goals that should be achieved if you have carefully read and understood the assigned readings. It is strongly suggested that you read the list of objectives prior to each assignment and then again after you have completed your readings. If you have successfully mastered the goals represented by these objectives, you can be assured that you have been successful in your readings.
At the end of this packet you will also find lists of learning objectives that refer to goals that should be mastered for each of the basic units. These objectives should serve as a guide and are not to be considered representative of all of the information that you will be required to master. One way to help ensure success on the unit examinations as well as other tests that you will be taking is to be sure that you have mastered the goals listed in these objectives.
Reading Assignments:
To obtain the maximum advantage from the required readings, you should complete the readings before coming to class for the week in which the assignments are given. The lecture syllabus lists the reading assignments that will prepare you for the lectures and laboratory exercises for that particular week and refers to reading assignments in your textbook. The sequence of laboratory exercises lists reading assignments in the laboratory manual. It is very important for you to be familiar with the laboratory exercises before performing the experiments or procedures described in the manual. The benefits that you will derive by completing the readings for lecture and laboratory prior to the week for which they are assigned are as follows:
- You will find that it is easier to understand the lecture and laboratory material because you already have some background regarding the topics that are to be covered.
- The reading assignments for lecture and laboratory are directly related to the topics that will be covered. If you are already familiar with these topics, you will find that you will be able to take fewer and better notes and pay more attention to what the lecturer is saying.
- Prior reading of the assignments can help you to pinpoint areas which may be giving you some difficulty. You then can pay very special attention to what the lecturer is saying when discussing these same topics.
- Reading the assigned material for the laboratory in both the textbook and laboratory manual prior to coming to laboratory will help you to get most from your laboratory experiences. Having relevant background information will significantly help you to better understand the laboratory exercises.
Grade Determination:
1. Laboratory: The laboratory portion of Biology 12 represents 50% of the course grade. The grade for laboratory will be based on your quiz grades, the writing assignments, and other factors that will be explained to you by your laboratory instructor. 2. Lecture: There will be three unit exams that will be administered during the semester (consult the syllabus as to the exact weeks). Each of the unit examinations will represent 10% of your grade. The final examination will account for 20% of your grade. 3. Summary of the grading procedures
Laboratory quizzes, summaries, class participation etc. = 50% First unit examination = 10% Second unit examination = 10%
Third unit examination = 10% Final examination = 20%
Total = 100%
7. Immune System A. Innate Defenses B. Adaptive Defenses
Lecture Reading Assignments: Module 6: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
8. Respiratory System A. Functional anatomy of respiratory system B. Mechanics of breathing. C. Gas exchange between the blood, lungs and tissues. D. Transport of respiratory gases by blood E. Control of respiration.
Lecture reading assignment: Module 7: The Respiratory System
9. Urinary System A. Kidney anatomy B. Kidney physiology: mechanisms of urine formation C. Urine transport, storage and elimination
Lecture reading assignment: Module 9: The Urinary System
10. Fluids and Electrolytes A. Body fluids B. Water Balance C. Electrolyte Balance D. The Acid Base Balance
Lecture Reading Assignment: Module 10: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
11. Reproductive System A. Anatomy of the male reproductive system B. Physiology of the male reproductive system C. Anatomy of the female reproductive system D. Physiology of the female reproductive system
Lecture Reading Assignment: Module 11: The Reproductive system
12. Pregnancy and Human Development A. From egg to zygote B. Events of embryonic development: zygote to blastocyst implantation C. Events of embryonic development: gastrula to fetus D. Events of fetal development E. Adjustment of the infant to extra uterine life F. Parturition (birth) G. Lactation
Lecture Reading Assignment: Module 12: Development and Inheritance
L a b o r a t o r y E x e r c i s e s
Week # Laboratory Topics Lab Manual Exercise No.
1. Introduction and lab safety Endocrine system Exercise 27. Gross and microscopic anatomy Digestive system Exercise 38.
- Organ system overview Using models
- Gross anatomy of digestive system
- Microscopic anatomy 2. Digestive system Exercise 38. Dissection of fetal pig digestive system and endocrine system Diss. Ex. 6 p. 743 and Ex. 3 p. Chemical digestion: **39. Activity 3 p. 604
- Circulatory System: Properties of blood Exercise 29**
- Formed elements-Wright’s stain
- Hematocrit
- Hemoglobin-Tallquist method
- Coagulation time 4. Circulatory System: Heart and Vessels Exercise 30
- Anatomy of the Heart a. organization, gross anatomy b. dissection of sheep heart 5. Circulatory System: Cardiovascular Physiology
- Conduction system of the heart Exercise 31 Act 1B Biopac – Electrocardiography
- Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Exercise 33
- Blood pressure measurements
- Effect of exercise and other factors on B.P. and heart rate.
- Biopac – Measuring Pulse 6. Circulatory System: Circulatory Pathways
- Gross Anatomical Organization: Exercise 32 Organization of blood vessels-histology Act 1 p. 473 Circulatory pathways a. cardiopulmonary b. systemic pathways c. hepatic portal circulation d. fetal circulation
- Fetal pig Dissection Diss. Ex. 4, p. 729
L EARNING OBJECTIVES
Note to the Student
On page 2 of your course outline you will find a brief discussion of the importance of mastering the learning objectives for Biology 12. The list of learning objectives that follows is intended to provide you with a guide as to the minimum amount of basic material that you are expected to master upon completion of each unit of the course. Your individual course instructor may wish to modify this list by either deleting or adding additional objectives at his/her discretion.
Each objective, whether from the textbook, laboratory manual or the list below, represents a statement of a knowledge, technique, or skill, that you are expected to acquire from your assigned readings, laboratory experiences, lectures or other learning activities. The mastery of these learning objectives is directly related to your success in the course. Success can be obtained only if you take the time and effort to test yourself as a means of determining whether or not you have met the required objectives. You may find it necessary to read a paragraph or section in the assigned readings a number of times before you are satisfied that you have clearly understood what you have read. This is to be expected in a science course, and you must not allow yourself to become easily frustrated.
A. Endocrine System
- Compare and contrast the general functions and mechanisms of action of the endocrine system and the nervous system.
- Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
- List and describe the endocrine glands
- Explain the relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
- Describe the chemical classes of hormones, and provide an example for each.
- Differentiate between direct and indirect mechanisms of hormone action.
- List and describe the target action of hormones from each of the following endocrine glands: the anterior pituitary, the posterior pituitary, the pineal, the thymus, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the pancreas, the adrenals and the gonads.
- Describe how hormone secretions are regulated by negative feedback processes. Describe a specific example.
B. Digestive system
- State the general function of the digestive system
- List in order the organs of the alimentary canal
- Describe the types of movements that occur in the digestive system
- Distinguish between physical and chemical digestion
- Describe the anatomy of the mouth and throat
- Explain the dental formula and differentiate between deciduous and permanent teeth
- Describe the composition and functions of saliva
- Describe the swallowing reflex, including the esophagus
- List the regions of the digestive tract and the accessory organs of the digestive system
- Describe the gross and micro anatomy of the stomach.
- Describe the composition of gastric juice and name the cell types responsible for secreting each component
- Describe the phases of gastric function and how gastric activity is regulated
- Describe the microscopic and gross anatomy of the small intestine
- Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, bile duct system and pancreas
- Describe the digestive system secretions and functions of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas
- Describe the chemical digestive processes of the small intestine
- Describe the process of absorption in the small intestine
- Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the large intestine
- List the major functions of the large intestine, and describe the regulation of defecation
- State the physiological significance of the intestinal bacteria
- Describe the neural and hormonal regulation of digestion
C. Cardiovascular System
Blood
- List and define the functions and general characteristics of blood
- List, draw and describe the functions of the formed elements of blood and know what percentage of blood each formed element constitutes
- Define the role of plasma, what percentage of whole blood plasma represents, and describe the functions of the different solutes found in plasma
- Diagram and describe hematopoiesis (erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and platelet formation)
- Describe factors that influence hematopoiesis
- Describe what useful information can be obtained from a differential blood count
- Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell and the fate of bilirubin
- Explain the homeostatic imbalances related to blood count (polycythemia vera, anemia, leukemia, leukopenia)
- Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin and its function in the red blood cell
- Describe A,B,O, and Rh typing. Define and explain the following terms as they relate to blood typing: antigen, antibody, agglutinin and agglutinogens
- Define hemostasis; describe the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
- Define hemophilia, hematoma, thrombosis, embolus and infarction
- Relate the distribution of lymph nodes to lymphatic function
- State the role of lacteals in the process of absorption in the digestive system
- Describe the role of respiratory forces in the movement of lymph fluid
- Define the functions of the immune system
- Describe the function of the spleen, thymus, tonsils and lymph nodes
- Differentiate between specific and non-specific resistance
- Describe the mechanisms of the following: mechanical barriers, inflammation, cells, fever, complement protein and interferon
- Review the terms: antigen, antibody, agglutinogens
- Describe the development and maturation of T lymphocytes compared to B lymphocytes
- State the function of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and MHC proteins
- Define cell mediated and humoral immunity
- Compare and contrast the role of the complement system in cell mediated and humoral immunity
- Compare primary and secondary immune system responses
- Compare passive and active immunity
- Define and provide an example of autoimmunity
- Define the following: autografts, isografts, heterografts, xenografts
E. Respiratory System
- Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cellular respiration
- Trace the sequence of anatomical structures from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli
- Explain the following terms: upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract
- Relate the function of any portion of the respiratory tract to its gross and microscopic anatomy
- Define the gas laws and relate them to respiratory physiology: Boyle's Law, Charles Law, Dalton's Law, and Henry's Law
- Explain how pressure gradients cause air to flow into and out of the lungs
- Explain how the respiratory muscles produce the above mentioned pressure gradients
- Explain the relevance of pulmonary compliance and elasticity to ventilation
- Explain why the alveoli do not collapse when one exhales
- Define the following measurements of ventilation: respiratory volumes, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
- Explain the following respiratory capacities and how they are obtained: vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, forced expiratory volume and peak flow
- Explain how the brain stem regulates respiration
- Contrast the neural pathways for voluntary and autonomic control of the respiratory muscles
- Describe the chemical stimuli and the peripheral chemoreceptors that modify the respiratory rhythm
- Define partial pressure and discuss its relationship to air
- Contrast the composition of inspired and expired air
- Describe how partial pressure affects gas transport across a respiratory membrane
- Describe the mechanism of transporting CO 2 and O 2
- Describe the factors that govern gas exchange in the lungs and systemic capillaries
- Relate the Bohr and Haldane Effects to gas exchange in the lungs and tissues
- Explain how gas exchange is adjusted to the metabolic needs of different tissues
F. Urinary System
- Name and state the anatomical location of the organs of the urinary system
- List the functions of the kidneys (including non-urinary system functions)
- Name the major metabolic nitrogenous wastes and identify their sources
- Define excretion and identify the systems that excrete wastes
- Name and locate the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the kidney
- Describe the microscopic structure of a nephron
- Trace the flow of fluid/ blood through the renal tubules and the kidney
- Describe the glomerular filtration membrane and how it excludes blood cells and proteins from the filtrate
- Describe the process of filtration and relate it to net filtration pressure
- Describe how the renal tubules reabsorb useful solutes from the glomerular filtrate and return them to the blood
- Describe the nerve supply to the kidney
- Describe how the nervous system, hormones, and the kidney regulate glomerular filtration
- Describe how the nephron regulates water excretion
- Explain the role of aldosterone and of atrial natriuretic factor in sodium and water balance
- Describe the mechanism that maintains the medullary osmotic gradient
- Describe the composition and properties of urine
- Describe the functional anatomy of ureters, urinary bladder, and male and female urethra
- Explain micturition reflex and describe how it controls the voiding of urine
strong acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base, and salt
- Explain why the body requires the continuous action of chemical buffering systems
- Explain the relative strength, location and effectiveness of each of the following buffering systems: hemoglobin buffer, protein buffer, phosphate buffer, and the protein buffer
- Utilize the components of each of the four major chemical buffering systems to show how they would work to neutralize excess acid or base
- Describe the interaction of the bicarbonate buffer with the respiratory and urinary systems to help regulate the body's acid-base balance.
- Indicate the normal range of values for the pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) and the bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3-, also called alkali reserve) in maintaining an arterial pH range of 7.35-7.45.
- Explain the relationship between each of the following pairs of terms: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory acidosis, hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, diarrhea or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and metabolic acidosis, and the ingestion of alkaline drugs for stomach ulcer and metabolic alkalosis.
- For each acid-base disturbance in objective 13, indicate the body's compensations to maintain the arterial pH in the normal range of 7.35-7.
I. Reproductive System
- Explain the structure and function of the testes
- Describe the structure and function of the penis
- List and discuss the location, structure, and function of the male accessory ducts and glands
- Define the male sexual response
- Describe the process of spermatogenesis
- Identify the hormonal regulation of the male reproductive function
- Name male and female secondary sex characteristics and explain the role of hormones in their formation
- Indicate the structure and function of the ovaries
- Describe the structure, function, and location of the female reproductive duct system
- Identify the structures of the female external genitalia
- Discuss the mammary glands and breast cancer
- Explain the process of oogenesis
- Discuss the ovarian cycle including its three phases and their major events
- Indicate the hormonal interactions of the ovarian cycle
- Describe the uterine cycle
- Identify the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the development of structures and physiological processes other than the ovarian cycle
- Identify what determines sex
- Discuss the process of sexual differentiation as it occurs in the developing embryo
- Explain the descent of the gonads
- Define and discuss puberty and menopause.
J. Pregnancy and Human Development
- Define fertilization and discuss the limits of timing on its occurrence
- Describe the process of sperm capacitation and its importance
- Explain the need for blocks to polyspermy and how this is accomplished
- Identify cleavage divisions, and the cellular and embryonic products of cleavage divisions
- Discuss the events of implantation, and the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Explain the process of placentation
- Describe the development and function of the embryonic membranes
- Define gastrulation and list the layers formed
- Identify organogenesis, and discuss the specialization that occurs within each germ layer
- Explain the development of the specialized structures of the fetal circulation, and the function of each
- Discuss the events of fetal development
- Describe the anatomical, metabolic, and physiological changes experienced by the mother during pregnancy
- Explain the triggers that initiate labor and discuss the three stages of labor
- List the factors considered in the Apgar score, and describe how the score is used to assess the newborn
- Describe the changes that occur to specialized fetal circulatory structures after birth
- Define lactation, and describe the mechanism of hormones and neural stimuli involved
