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Cuaresma, Reena Ann S. M7 & M8 Assignment BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES (HEMOFLAGELLATES) Species Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma spp.
- Leishmania tropica
- Leishmania braziliensis
- Leishmania donovani
- Trypanosoma gambiense
- Trypanosoma rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnostic Stage Amastigote → “Leishmania Form” → Off-centered nucleus → Kinetoplast (Bioepharoplast & Parabasal body) → No flagellum → Has small group of cysts, like collection of tissues Location: Tissue, Muscles, CNC within macrophages Trypomastigote → “Trypanosoma Form” → C, S, or U-shaped → Posteriorly located kinetoplast → Full body length undulating membrane → Nucleus is anterior to kinetoplast → Free flagellum (anterior) Location: Peripheral blood Note: T. cruzi’s diagnostic form is Amastigote. Disease and Vector Specie Disease Vector Stages Specie Disease Vector Stages L. tropica Cutaneous leishmaniasis Phlebotomus I. Vector: Amastigote (reticuloendothelial system) II. Host: Promastigote (midgut and proboscis) T. gambiense Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness Tsetse fly, Glossina spp. Epimastigote Trypomastigote L. braziliensis American or Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Lutzomyia Psychopygus T. rhodesiense Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness L. donovani Visceral Leishmaniasis/ Kala-azar/ Dumdum fever Lutzomyia Phlebotomus T. cruzi Chaga’s Disease or American Trypanosomiasis Assassin bug, Kissing bug, Cone nose bus, Triatomine bugs, Rhodnius ALL except Promastigote
Host/s Intermediate Host Definitive Host Reservoir Host Intermediate Host Sandflies (Vector) Humans Humans T. cruzi – Dogs and Cats Invertebrate insects (Vector) T. cruzi – Insects & Humans MOT
- Main MOT: Bite of Arthropod Vector
- Blood Transfusion
- Congenitally – Mother to Fetus
- Contamination of Bite Wounds
- Direct contact with contaminated specimen (Promastigote)
- Main MOT: Bite of Arthropod Vector
- Blood Transfusion
- Sexual Intercourse
- Transplacental Transfusion CILLIATES Balantidium Coli About B. Coli (^) → Largest Intestinal Protozoa → Only ciliate that is PATHOGENIC for humans → “PARASITE OF PIGS” (Pigs – normal host) → Initially identified as Paramecium coli → Attacks the Intestinal Epithelium → From the word BALANTI which means bag/sac → Has a pouch-like shaped trophozoites Characteristics Cilia → Ectoplasmic Cilia (covers their surface) Nucleus → Has 2 Different Kinds of Nuclei: A. Large kidney/sausage-shaped macronucleus B. Small, spherical micronucleus Oral Cytostome → Funnel-like primitive mouth - CYTOSTOME Reproduction → Multiply ASEXUALY via Binary Fission → SEXUALLY reproduced via CONJUGATION Natural Host Pigs Reservoir Host Pigs/Swine, Monkeys, Rats Accidental Host Man MOT Fecal-oral routes → Ingestion of cysts in fecally contaminated food or water Morphology Trophozoite - Invasive Stage Cyst - Infective Stage
- Lives in large intestine
- Ovoid to sac-shaped trophozoite
- Adoral Cilia : Larger cilia around the mouth
- Spherical to slightly ovoid-shaped cyst
- Double-walled (thick cell wall)
- Has 2 nuclei: → Macronucleus: Observable/Present
Developing Troph.
- Heavy ring form
- Fine pigment granules
- Mature forms are only seen in severe infection Mature
- 8 - 36 clustered merozoites
- Only detected in severe infection Microgametocyte (F)
- Sausage-shaped
- Compact chromatin 3 – Schizogony occurs in capillaries and blood sinuses of internal organs. Plasmodium malariae Trophozoite Schizont Gametocyte Disease Life Cycle Ring Form (Early)
- Smaller than P. vivax
- 1/6 of RBC
- Heavy chromatin dot
- Pigments Immature
- Similar to P. vivax
- Large, dark peripheral or center granule Microgametocyte (M)
- Similar to P. vivax
- Oval-shaped
- Older forms are rare ✓ Quartan or Malarial Malaria 1 – P. malariae invades the MATURE RBCs. 2 – RBCs has well- formed cell walls that are not conductive to expansion that’s why infection does not result to cell distortion. 3 – It form bands and variety of shapes to maintain itself. Developing Troph. - Non-ameboid (has solid band cytoplasm )
- Vacuole is absent for mature stages Mature
- 6 - 12 rosette or irregular cluster merozoites
- Brown-green pigment
- Infected RBC may not be visible Microgametocyte (F)
- Similar to P. vivax
- Oval-shaped
- Older forms are rare Plasmodium ovale Trophozoite Schizont Gametocyte Disease Life Cycle Ring Form (Early)
- Resembles P. vivax
- Ameboid-shaped
- Larger ring size than P. vivax Immature
- Progressive dividing chromatin Microgametocyte (M)
- Similar to P. vivax but smaller ✓ Benign Tertial Malaria ✓ Ovale Malaria 1 – P. ovale invades the YOUNG RBCs. 2 – Ability to adapt to the growing parasites via enlarging 3 – RBCs are distorted. Developing Troph. - Ameboid not as evident as P. vivax Mature
- Average of 8 rosette form merozoites
- 75% of RBC Microgametocyte (F)
- Similar to P. vivax but smaller Plasmodium vivax Trophozoite Schizont Gametocyte Disease Life Cycle Ring Form (Early)
- 1 Chromatin dot
- Delicate cytoplasmic ring
- 1/3 of RBC Immature
- Multiple chromatin bodies
- Clump of brown pigments Microgametocyte (M)
- Pink to purple central chromatin mass with pale halo
- Brown pigments ✓ Benign Tertial Malaria ✓ Dormant Hypnozoites 1 – P. vivax invades the YOUNG RBCs. 2 – These immature RBCs are pliable that’s
Developing Troph.
- Irregular ameboid
- Ring remnants are usual
- Brown pigments Mature
- 12 - 24 merozoites
- Occupies most of infected RBC
- Brown pigments Microgametocyte (F)
- Round cytoplasm
- Eccentric chromatin mass
- Green-brown pigment why they are the main target. 3 – RBCs are distorted. Plasmodium knowlesi → Malarial parasite of Long-tailed Macaques Monkeys → Has a 24-hour replication cycle and shortest cyclic paroxysms → Pathogenesis: Respiratory distress, Acute renal or multi-organ failure BABESIA MOT → Ixodes tick bites → Blood Transfusion → Organ Transplantation → Transplacental Diseases names: Tick, Splenic, Red water, Texas, Nantucket fever Morphology: MALTESE-CROSS appearance/formation Ring Form: Pear-shaped Stages Infective Stage: Sporozoites Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites Babesia microti About B. microti Vector (DH) Reservoir Host Pathogenesis Life Cycle - Affects the: - Spleen - Liver - Kidneys - An Erythrocytic intracellular parasite - Scientific name: “IXODES SCAPULARIS” - Ixodes dammini (ticks) - White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) - Babesiosis - Transfusion Transmissible Disease (TTD) - ↑ Bilirubin ↑ Transaminase enzyme
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Hemolytic anemia Tick (DH) takes blood meal → Sporozoites → Mouse (RH) → RBC → Asexual reproduction via budding Babesia divergens - Commonly found in European countries - Ixodes ricinus • Cattle - Rabbit
Mature oocyst 2 sporocysts with 4 sausage-shaped sporozoites 6 - Fertilization → Oocyte development which are excreted in stool Cyclospora cayetanensis About C. cayetanensis Oocyst Life Cycle
- Food and waterborne organism
- 2 sporocyst that has 2 sporozoites each
- No animal reservoir
- MOT: Ingestion of fecally contaminated water/food
- Associated disease: Cyclosporiasis Size 7 - 10 um (^1) – Sporulated oocyst ingest by human → Oocyst → Gastrointestinal tract → Invade epithelial cells of small intestine 2 – Undergo Asexual reproduction (Type I and II meront) 3 – Fertilization → Zygote → Develop to Oocyst (eventually released to host cell and shed in stool as unsporulated oocyst) No. of sporocysts
SARCOCYSTIS
Sarcocystis hominis (Cattle) Sarcocystis suihominis (Pig) About Sarcocystis Mature Oocyst Life Cycle
- DH: Humans, Dogs
- Banana-shaped cell merozoite
- Associated Disease: Vasculitis and Myositis (Invasive)
- Abdominal pain and Diarrhea (Intestinal form) Appearance Transparent (^1) – Sporocysts ruptures → release sporozoites → enter endothelial cells of blood vessels → Schizogony = 1st Generation Schizont 2 - Schizonts ruptures → release merozoites → invade small capillaries and blood vessels = 2nd^ Generation Schizont 3 – 2 nd^ Generation Merozoites → invade muscle → develop cysts with bradyzoites (IS for DH) 4 – Bradyzoites → invade lamina propria of intestinal epithelium → Microgametocytes & Macrogametocytes 5 – Formation of immature oocyst 6 – Sporulated oocyst in intestinal epithelium that shed in stool. Shape Oval No. of Sporocysts
Size of Sporocysts 10 - 18 um long Content of Sporocysts 4 sausage-shaped sporozoites Oocyst cell wall appearance Double-layered, clear, colorless
TOXOPLASMA
Toxoplasma gondii About T. gondii Tachyzoite Bradyzoites Life Cycle
- Infective form in humans – Oocysts
- Associated Disease:
- Toxoplasmosis
- Congenital toxoplasmosis
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis General Active multiplying morphological form General Slow-growing morphological form DH: Domestic cats IH: Rodents; Birds 1 – Unsporulated oocyst shed in cat’s feces. 2 – Sporulates for 1 to 5 days and become infective. 3 – Ingested by rodents or birds via ingesting contaminated soil, water, or plant materials. 4 – Oocyst → Tachyzoites transformation localize in neural and muscle tissue → Develop into Tissue cyst (Bradyzoites) Size 3 - 7 X 2-4 um Size Smaller than T. Shape Crescent-shaped Physical Similar to T. No. of nuclei 1 Other features Has variety of organelles but they are not readily visible Other features Has many bradyzoites References: Belizario, V. & De Leon, W. (2015). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines. The University of the Philippines Press. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, June 7). Balantidiasis. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/balantidiasis/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, April 29). Trypanosomiasis, African. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisafrican/index.html#:~:text=Hosts%20and%20Vectors,rhodesiense Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 18). Parasites - Leishmaniasis. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/biology.html Zeibig, E. (2012). Clinical Parasitology: A Practical Approach (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Saunders.
