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Guide to Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Elements, Compounds, and Clinical Uses, Study notes of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

University of Mindanao (UM)Pharmaceutical Chemistry

This document is a comprehensive reviewer tailored for Pharmacy students, specifically for the subject Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry. It covers key elements from the periodic groups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, and IIIA, including: Elemental Properties Pharmacologic Uses of Compounds Clinical Significance Notable Toxicities & Antidotes This reviewer is ideal for students enrolled in BS Pharmacy, especially in 1st–3rd year courses, and those preparing for major exams or licensure board reviews. Originally compiled and annotated by a pharmacy student.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Available from 06/14/2025

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PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY REVIEWER 1
GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS
Hydrogen (H)
• Lightest element, flammable
• Use: Inflating balloons
Lithium (Li)
• Lightest metal
• Use: Heat exchanger in air conditioners
Important Compounds:
• Lithium bromide (LiBr) – Depressant
• Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) – Drug of choice for mania
o Note: Also used in bipolar disorder
Sodium (Na) – Most abundant extracellular cation, regulates fluid
retention
Sodium Compounds:
• Sodium acetate – Diuretic, urinary alkalinizer, antacid
• Sodium bicarbonate – Systemic antacid, effervescent agent
o Side effect: Systemic alkalosis, rebound hyperacidity
• Sodium dihydrogen phosphate – Cathartic, urinary acidifier
• Sodium metabisulfite / bisulfate (NaHSO3) – Water-soluble
antioxidant
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PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC

CHEMISTRY REVIEWER 1

GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS

Hydrogen (H)

  • Lightest element , flammable
  • Use: Inflating balloons Lithium (Li)
  • Lightest metal
  • Use: Heat exchanger in air conditioners Important Compounds:
  • Lithium bromide (LiBr) – Depressant
  • Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) – Drug of choice for mania o Note: Also used in bipolar disorder Sodium (Na) – Most abundant extracellular cation , regulates fluid retention Sodium Compounds:
  • Sodium acetate – Diuretic , urinary alkalinizer, antacid
  • Sodium bicarbonate – Systemic antacid , effervescent agent o Side effect : Systemic alkalosis, rebound hyperacidity
  • Sodium dihydrogen phosphate – Cathartic , urinary acidifier
  • Sodium metabisulfite / bisulfate (NaHSO3) – Water-soluble antioxidant
  • Sodium carbonate – Antacid , carbonating agent
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) – Electrolyte replenisher , condiment o NSS = 0.9% NaCl; Ringer's = NaCl + KCl + CaCl
  • Sodium citrate – Anticoagulant , expectorant
  • Sodium fluoride (NaF) – Anticariogenic
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – Saponifying agent (makes soaps)
  • Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) – Disinfectant , bleaching agent
  • Sodium iodide (NaI) – Expectorant , iodine solubilizer
  • Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) – Vasodilator , antidote for cyanide poisoning
  • Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) – Meat preservative
  • Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) – Cathartic , aka Glauber’s salt
  • Sodium tartrate – Primary standard for Karl Fischer reagent
  • Sodium thiocyanate – Hypotensive agent
  • Sodium thiosulfate – Cyanide antidote , aka Photographer’s hypo Potassium (K) – Most abundant intracellular cation , vital for muscular contraction Potassium Compounds:
  • Potassium acetate – Diuretic , antacid
  • Potassium bicarbonate – Antacid , carbonating agent
  • Potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar) – Laxative
  • Potassium bromide – Depressant , sedative

GROUP IB – COINAGE METALS

Copper (Cu) – Reddish metal , 3rd most malleable, 3rd best electrical conductor

  • Note: Cu poisoning = Wilson’s Disease , antidote: Penicillamine Compounds:
  • Copper sulfate (CuSO4) – Emetic , antidote for phosphorus poisoning, component in Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed's solutions
  • Copper acetoarsenate (Paris green) – Insecticide Silver (Ag) – 2nd most malleable , Oligodynamic action, causes argyria (gray skin)
  • Antidote: NSS (forms AgCl) Compounds:
  • Silver nitrate (AgNO3) – Caustic , treats warts, gonorrhea conjunctivitis
  • Tollen's reagent (Ag(NH3)2NO3) – Dental protective
  • Silver iodide (AgI) – Germicide
  • Silver proteinates: o Mild (Argyrol) – Eye antiseptic o Strong (Protargol) – ENT antiseptic o Colloidal (Collargol) – Germicide Gold (Au) – Most malleable , best electrical conductor
  • Uses: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Aurothioglucose, Gold sodium thiomalate, Auronofin)
  • Note: Soluble in aqua regia (3:1 HCl:HNO3)

GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Magnesium (Mg) – 2nd most abundant intracellular cation , in chlorophyll, natural calcium channel blocker Compounds:

  • Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) – Antacid , laxative
  • Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) – Antacid , laxative
  • Magnesium oxide (MgO) – Component of universal antidote
  • Magnesium trisilicate – Protective ulcer coating , prolonged antacid effect
  • Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) – Cathartic , eclampsia treatment
  • Hydrated magnesium silicate (Talc) – Dusting powder , softest mineral
  • Magnesium citrate – Cathartic , lemonade purgante Calcium (Ca) – 2nd most abundant extracellular cation , essential for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, bone/teeth Compounds:
  • Calcium bromide – Sedative
  • Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) – Antacid , rebound hyperacidity
  • Calcium chloride (CaCl2) – Electrolyte replenisher
  • Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) – Saponifying agent
  • Calcium oxide (quicklime) – Used in insecticides

o Hg2I – Anti-syphilis o K2HgI4 (Mayer’s reagent) – Alkaloid test o HgNH2Cl (White precipitate) – Topical anti-infective o HgO (Yellow precipitate) – Ophthalmic antiseptic

GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY

Boron (B) – Used in rubber vulcanization

  • Boric acid (H3BO3) – Buffer , eyewash (lobster red poisoning)
  • Sodium tetraborate (Borax) – Eyewash , Dobell's solution Aluminum (Al) – Most abundant metal , causes Shaver’s disease
  • Uses: Astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, burn therapy (Al foil)