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Group Dynamics 1 and 2 Forsyth, Summaries of Industrial and organizational psychology

Bulacan State University (BSU)Industrial and organizational psychology

Forsyth Chapter Notes for chapters 1 and 2

Typology: Summaries

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/27/2025

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Group Dynamics
PSY 318
BS PSYCHOLOGY 4204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 2024-25 @noncafeinade
1
I. GROUPS
• Groups are created because of people
becoming linked to each other by a type
of relationship.
• Groups are never the same and are
defined in the book as:
o two or more individuals
o connected (3)
o by and within social relationships.
Social Identity
Social identity is the part of your self-concept
that comes from being part of a group. It
includes the qualities or characteristics you share
with others in the group, and it helps you
recognize that you belong to that group or social
category.
Facts about groups
• Groups may vary in size from dyads to
triads to a very large aggregations, such
as mobs, crowds, or congregations.
• Unlike networks, which are more open
and flexible, groups have clear
boundaries that define who belongs to
the group and who doesn’t.
Online groups
• a group of two or more individuals who
interact solely or primarily online, for
example by email or instant messaging
Offline groups
Interacts primarily or solely in face-to-face
situations
Similarities found in Groups
1. Interaction: groups are a great setting
interpersonal actions.
Task-interaction: interaction focused
on a task goal or project such as a
committee or a jury.
a. Relation-interaction (Socio-emotional
interaction): focused on interpersonal
relationship
2. Goals: most groups exist due to a goal they
wish to achieve.
a. Intellectual and Judgemental Tasks:
goals involving thinking, reasoning or
decision-making
b. Production, Discussion, and Problem-
Solving Goals: Focusing on creatnf
outputs, sharing ideas, or finding solutions.
c. Generating Ideas, Choosing Options,
Negotiating Solutions, and Executing
Tasks: goall targetting creativity, decision-
making, conflict resolution, and practical
application (Circumplex Model of Group
Tasks)
3. Interdependence: members depend on
one another which means that their
actions, experiences, thoughts etc, are
partially determined by other members of
the group.
a. Symmetric interdependence: two or
more members can influence each other
equally and and with reciprocity
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PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

I. GROUPS

  • Groups are created because of people becoming linked to each other by a type of relationship.
  • Groups are never the same and are defined in the book as: o two or more individuals o connected (3) o by and within social relationships. Social Identity Social identity is the part of your self-concept that comes from being part of a group. It includes the qualities or characteristics you share with others in the group, and it helps you recognize that you belong to that group or social category. Facts about groups
  • Groups may vary in size from dyads to triads to a very large aggregations, such as mobs, crowds, or congregations.
  • Unlike networks, which are more open and flexible, groups have clear boundaries that define who belongs to the group and who doesn’t. Online groups
  • a group of two or more individuals who interact solely or primarily online, for example by email or instant messaging Offline groups Interacts primarily or solely in face-to-face situations Similarities found in Groups
  1. Interaction : groups are a great setting interpersonal actions. Task-interaction: interaction focused on a task goal or project such as a committee or a jury. a. Relation-interaction (Socio-emotional interaction): focused on interpersonal relationship 2. Goals: most groups exist due to a goal they wish to achieve. a. Intellectual and Judgemental Tasks: goals involving thinking, reasoning or decision-making b. Production, Discussion, and Problem- Solving Goals: Focusing on creatnf outputs, sharing ideas, or finding solutions. c. Generating Ideas, Choosing Options, Negotiating Solutions, and Executing Tasks: goall targetting creativity, decision- making, conflict resolution, and practical application (Circumplex Model of Group Tasks) 3. Interdependence: members depend on one another which means that their actions, experiences, thoughts etc, are partially determined by other members of the group. a. Symmetric interdependence: two or more members can influence each other equally and and with reciprocity

PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

b. Hierachical interdependence without reciprocity: for example when a boss influences its employees but not the other way around c. Hierarchical interdependence with reciprocity: when employees can influence their boss and the other way around, even when effects are unequally divided. d. Sequential interdependence without reciprocity: one member influences another which in turn influences yet another member. 1- 2 - 3

  1. Structure : Group structure consists of the group roles, norms and intermember relations. A role is an expected behavior pattern belonging to a specific position in a group. Examples are the roles of the leaders and the followers. Norms are consensual standards describing various appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a given context. 5. Cohesiveness: concerns the power of the bond between members of the group. Group cohesion is the solidarity, integrity, and unity of the group (shared commitment to group goals and esprit de corps) 6. Origin : groups tend to fall naturally into two categories: Planned groups: deliberately formed by members or external authority. - Concocted groups: planned by individuals or authorities outside the group - Founded groups: planned by one or more individuals who remain within the group Emergent groups: come into existence spontaneously - Circumstantial groups: emergent, unplanned, and arises when external, situational forces get people to join together, oftten temporarily, in a unified group. - Self-organizing groups – when interacting individualsd gradually align their activities in a cooperative system of interdependence. Types of Groups Primary groups: small intimate clusters of close associates. Examples of such primary groups are families, good friends and cliques of peers.
  • Members spend much time interacting with each other.
  • The members have a high amount of influence on one another.
  • Many individuals become group members involuntarily; because they are born into a family, which is a primary group. Non-Primary Groups Social groups: a relatively large and formally organized group.
  • Membership is usually shorter and less emotionally involved. It is also more conventional to join and leave groups than it is with primary groups.
  • Social groups are often task-oriented. Examples are co-workers, crews, fraternities, sports team, task forces. Collectives: A collective can be defined as any form of association amongst people who have a similar behaviour at some point.
  • An example of a collective is an aggregation of people waiting on a bus together.
  • Other examples are audiences, bystanders, crowds, and mobs.

PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

  • At the end of the 19th century, both sociologists and psychologists started to examine groups. While sociology emphasizes the role of groups in maintaining social order, psychology focuses on the difference between the behavior of an individual alone and the behavior of an individual within a group. Some assumptions are made in the paradigm of Group Dynamics
  • Group processes are real. Research studies, such as Sherif’s study of norm formation, suggest that group-level processes can be created through experimentation.
  • Groups are influential. Groups alter their members’ attitudes, values, and perceptions. o Triplett’s early study of group performance demonstrated the impact of one person on another, and o Milgram’s work demonstrated that a group situation can powerfully influence members to cause harm to others.
  • Groups shape society. Groups mediate the connection between individuals and society at large.
  • Groups are living systems. Tuckman’s theory of group development, for example, assumes that over time most groups move through five stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. - Groups can be studied on several levels. Individuals are nested in groups, and these groups are usually nested in larger social aggregations, such as communities and organizations. o Hackman’s studies of orchestras illustrate the importance of a multilevel perspective that cuts across several levels of analysis. - The field of group dynamics is an interdisciplinaryone. EARLY RESEARCHERS AND THEORISTS WHO PIONEERED THE STUDY OF GROUPS INCLUDE: - Le Bon, a physician best known for his book on the psychology of crowds and mobs, Psychologie des Foules - Wundt, a psychologist who wrote Völkerpsychologie - Durkheim, a sociologist who argued that society is made possible by the collective representations of individuals. - Allport, a psychologist who avoided holistic approaches to groups. Multilevel Approach on Group Dynamics
  • Micro-level : the individual group members. Factors include the qualities, characteristics, and actions of the individual members
  • Meso-level : the group. Factors are cohesiveness, size, composition and structure.
  • Macro-level: the organizational or societal unit in which the group exists.

PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

Factors are the qualities and processes of a larger collectives such as communities, societies and organizations II. STUDYING GROUP DYNAMICS Measurement in Group dynamics Science relies on measurement. Similarly researchers studying grouyps made progress by measuring how members interact and react:

  • Observing
  • Question the group members Observation : A measurement method that involves watching and recording individual and group actions
  • Group researchers start by observing how members interact, make decisions, work together, and follow leaders. They study all kinds of groups, from sports teams to online gamers. While methods vary, the main goal is the same—watch and record group behavior.
  • Overt observation: Openly watching and recording group behavior with no attempt to conceal one’s research purposes
  • Covert observation: Watching and recording group behavior without the participants’ knowledge
  • Another type of observation is participant observation , in which the observer is a part of the group’s process. If participants change their behavior because of their knowledge of being observed this is called the Hawthorne effect Structuring Observations
  1. A qualitative study is a research procedure that collects and analyses descriptive types of data. When using a qualitative study it is essential to have an impartial researcher who is a cautious observer and can remain objective and unbiased.
  2. Quantitative study, procedure used to collect and analyze data in a numeric form, such as frequencies, proportions, or amount. Structured Observational Methods: - Provides a method of increasing objectivity - a method in which each group’s behavior, action or expression is classified into a defined category. Process: o First, the behaviors that are to be observed are decided upon. o Secondly, clear descriptions are developed for these types of behaviors.

PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

Self-Report Measures Advantage Direct Insight Ease of Administration Cost-effective Flexible Disadvantage Social Desirability Bias Memory Bias Lack of Objectivity Response Bias How do researchers measure individual and group processes?

  1. Observations
  2. Qualitative studies a. Structured observational measures b. IPA c. SYMLOG
  3. Quantitative
  4. Reliability and validity
  5. Self-report measures Research Methods in Group dynamics
  • Groupthink is a set of processes that occur at group level. It is a negative process which includes illusions of vulnerability, self-censorship and the pressure to conform. It is most likely to occur in highly cohesive groups which seek agreement over analysis.
  • These are called Group phenomena, which can be studied in various ways; one of these is by the use of a case study. A case study in group dynamics is an in depth study of one or more groups in order to understand groups in general. Case Studies Advantage Some of the most important advantages are the detailed descriptions and the usage of bonafide groups. Bonafide groups are naturally occurring groups. By studying naturally occurring, bona fide groups, case study researchers can be more certain that the processes they study are not artificial ones influenced by the research process Disadvantage Disadvantages are the limitations: the groups might be unique, objectivity could be in question due to the qualitative instead of quantitative research, and records may be inaccurate or unavailable In an experiment , researchers examine cause– effect relationships by manipulating aspects of the group situation (independent variables). An experiment is a research design in which the researcher:
  1. Manipulates at least one variable by randomly assigning participants to the different conditions,
  2. Measures at least one variable and
  3. Controls the influence of other variables on the outcome of the study

PSY 31 8

BS PSYCHOLOGY 4 204 | PROF. Jana M. Soriano, RPM | SEM 2 AY 202 4 - 25 @noncafeinade

Experiments Advantage Possibility of finding causal relation. Disadvantage the difficulty of creating an artificial situation that is not different in its outcome from real situations. An example would be an artificial group that should be similar to a bona fide group. In a correlational study, the investigator, rather than manipulating aspects of the situation, gauges the strength of the naturally occurring relationships between such variables A correlational study is a research method where a researcher measures at least two variables. Afterwards the relation between these variables is calculated on strength and direction. The results can be presented as correlation coefficients. A disadvantage of this type of study is that it does not provide information on a causal relation.

  • Correlation coefficient : A statistic that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Often symbolized by r, correlations can range from - 1 to +1. Theoretical Perspectives in Group dynamics MOTIVATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Motivation and Emotion in Group Behavior Motivation is the psychological force that pushes people to act or behave in specific ways. It can be driven by basic needs, desires, or goals. Emotion refers to the feelings (positive or negative) we experience, and these feelings are often connected to arousal — a sense of energy or activation that influences our actions. BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVES Skinner’s behaviorism is based on two assumptions: - Psychological processes shape the reactions of people within groups. These processes are too difficult to quantify accurately. However, how people actually behave can be quantified and analysed. - Behaviour is related to the law of effect: behaviour with positive consequences will increase while behaviour with negative consequences will decrease SYSTEM THEORY PERSPECTIVES A system theory is aimed at the assumption that “groups are complex, adaptive, dynamic open systems of interacting individuals.” The members of the group are the units of the system connected by relationships. Just as systems, groups can be created for a specific objective.