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MODULE 5: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
http://www.albiladdailyeng.com/these-six-men-have-as-much-wealth-as-half-the-worlds-population/ Lesson 1 : The Global City Learning Outcomes: Identify the attributes of a global city; Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization; and Explain how multinational corporations influence the development of global cities. Activity 1.1. What makes a city “global’? Explain your answers. Images of trendsetters living the life, travelling from one well-known city to the next, tasting delicacies each has to offer litter the internet and other social media sites. Some of you might have already visited some of these places. Others may have relatives living in
London and New York who send them items in balikbayan boxes offering a taste of how they live in those areas. For some, these and other similar sights fuel their desire to partake in what life has to offer. But have you once stopped and think of why people prefer so me cities over the others to go to and visit and eventually migrate into? What makes these top destinations appealing and to a degree important? Prior to the existing competition among major cities of the world to reign supreme and be branded as the most powerful, the study of global cities has its humble beginnings. It arose in the 1980's when researchers concerned themselves with identifying common attributes found among cities considered as front liners in development. Compared to the rural areas of nation-states, cities are seen as the avenues where global networks and transactions transpire. It is where financial cash flows of massive scales take p ace attracting companies and multinational corporations to invest in infrastructures and other business endeavors which in turn generate employment opportunities for their citizens. Other individuals become attracted as well to migrate into these global cities because it comes with a promise of a better life than that which they already have. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, a global city is an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. The term was first used by a sociologists named Saskia Sassen in 1884, she primarily used economics as the main criteria for determining which of the cities all over the world is to be labeled as such. In her research in the said period, she was able to identity three cities considered as centers of capitalism and global financial transactions: London, Tokyo and New York. In support to this selection, Manuel Castells stated that: ... London because it is the world's leading financial market as far as transactions are concerned and also constitutes a crucial airport node and is one of the ends of the economic backbone that crosses Europe; New York for being the main receiver of capital flows and service exporter, and Tokyo for being the greatest capital lender and the headquarters of the most important banks in the world, as well as an international center in the economy of services, education, advertising, and design." However, several changes have occurred since the time the term was coined. Such changes includes the development of improved transportation, telecommunications, production, science, warfare, the internet, other technological innovations, migration, cultural exchanges - all of which were not included as criterion in determining global cities.
https://www.e-zigurat.com/blog/en/smart-cities-urbanization-challenges/ Challenges to Global Cities By this time, you might have an idea of what a global city is and so we move to the next challenge of carefully examining the challenges that comes with the rise of global cities. The first of these challenges is the significant rise in the city population as people flock towards cities trying their luck to improve their financial status. However, not all who migrates to cities are rewarded for many end up contributing to the slum populace. Globalization creates a rush of high paying jobs within global cities creating a chain reaction demanding low income employment to attend to their growing needs. These low income jobs comprise of domestic helpers, maids, cooks, food attendants. Thus implying that flocking to global cities does necessarily mean a good life for everyone. With the significant rise in the population, several other issues spring out which leads us to the next challenge which is food and water shortage. Researches reveals that 2.5 billion individuals have no access to clean water and sanitation. Many people still go hungry as food is unevenly distributed all over the world bringing into question global food security food security. Lastly, the problem about climate change and rising temperatures. Cities are considered as the greatest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change affects more people than others for some are more equipped to handle the effects of climate change. Activity 1.2. Tara Na Byahe Tayo! You will be assigned a global city to discuss and research on. You shall present an imagined group educational tour in the global city showing pictures of the places you visited in the fictional tour. Your output should include answers to the following guide questions:
_1. How would you describe your city?
- What is your city best known for?
- What makes your city a global city?
- What are the challenges these cities are facing?_
Lesson 2 Global Demography Learning Outcomes: Identify the different international issues and trends in global population; Synthesize the concept of globalization in relation to demography and population; and Explain demographic transition as it affects global population. Activity 2.1. Choose one among the political cartoons given and explain its connotation. A. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/513058582526652406/ C. https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/popul ation.asp
B.
opportunities to flight from human rights abuses and political repression. Motivations for migration have been categorized into either the Push Factor or Pull Factors. Push Factor Survival for themselves, or for their family, is one of most obvious motives which explain migration. Escape either from man-made disasters, civil war and decline of economic opportunities threatening them of starvation can be prime motivators. They leave their land in order to secure safety for themselves because their communities can no longer sustain life for its people. To put it simply, push factors refer to causes that drive a number of people to abandon their residences. Pull Factor In highly industrialized countries, fertility levels still continue to decline posing a possible collapse in the population in the times to come. European countries suffer an aging population meaning fewer people are able to work given the circumstances. Immigration, or the movement of people in the country, may help ease the labor deficiency but not enough to solution this persistent problem. Nonetheless, It serves as a gateway for employment seekers to benefit from it. In the contrary, continents like Africa and parts of Asia with high fertility rates create rapidly emerging communities unable to cope with the demands of the population like employment, health services, and education. People opt to leave these densely populate areas and take their chances elsewhere. Global Demographic Issues The following are listed as the leading global demographic issues facing the world today. They become problems because they are the outright consequence of globalization and uncontrolled economic growth and decline. A. Uneven population growth worldwide
Because of the lack of population growth control mechanisms, education and freedom to decide for themselves, some developing countries' population like Niger and Tanzania tend to grow at an alarming rate. Africa has one of the highest incidents of birth rates with an average of 6.49 children per mother. It has been projected that Africa's overall population would have exceeded Europe's in 2050. Many of developing countries in Asia rely on agriculture, as the major driving force of the economy thus having more number of children is necessary to maintain farm operation. On the contrary, residents of high income and developed countries tend to limit their offspring to one or two. Aside from the abundant supply and selection of birth control methods, parents in this part of the world tend to focus their attention to saving enough money for future needs such as medical expenses, insurances, matriculation and retirement funds to mention a few. Meaning having more than two children can become too expensive. To put it simply, there is a converse relationship between the economic level of a country and its population. In poor countries, birth rates lean towards being high whilst in rich countries, birth rates tend to decline. Though some policy makers put forward solutions like one child policy, legalization of abortion and other sterilization process to restrain population, differences in belief and cultural practices make it impossible to come up with a single answer. B. Demographic Pressures on the Environment. Demographers and researches alike agree in saying that the existing and still growing number of people in the world surpasses the maximum number of inhabitants that the planet can actually sustain. Naturally, people need resources in order to survive. Resources that only nature and the environment could provide. Man, millennia's ago discovered agriculture which enabled him to exploit the land towards his own benefit. Being able to produce food for himself eventually resulted to the increase in population. Nowadays, technology even furthered such developments in agriculture incl ding livestock raising, creating a variety of produce, increasing the yield and producing food for consumption. However, nature has its limits and over exploiting it can have catastrophic consequences. With the substantial use of fertilizers and other detrimental chemicals with the goal of increasing food production, land and water resources become polluted giving rise to a great number of global concerns. Nature is unable to heal herself because of the relentless desire of man to satisfy his needs and wants. C. Slum Urbanization
https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/17/drawing-for-change-analyzing-and-making-political- cartoons/ Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate an understanding of the global migration; Discuss the causes and effects of global migration; Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people; and Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWS. Activity 3.1.
https://account-master.com/blog/filipino-values/ Given 2 choices, one is to pursue your career abroad some time in the future, and the other is to work in your own country. What will you choose and what are your reasons? This lesson will discuss about the impact of global migration in each country as well as its causes and effects. The lesson will emphasize that global migration has always been and will be forever part of globalization. That there is nothing wrong nor evil of it, but it will however give us a clearer picture of the phenomena and will give as a better understanding of its occurrence and effects. Migration Migration means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998, chapter 2). It is classified as either internal migration which refers to a move from one area (a province, district or municipality) to another within one country or International migration which means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world's approximately 200 states from another. Many scholars argue that internal and international migration are part of the same process, and should be analyzed together (Skeldon 1997, 9-10). Migration is thus both a result and a cause of development. Development leads to migration, because economic and educational improvements make people capable of seeking better opportunities elsewhere. It simply means that people from different walks of life, either for purposes of business opportunities, family affairs or even unwanted reasons, are experiencing migration as agents of cultural or political change. As history will tell us, migration has already been a practice ever since the world began.
- Return migrants : people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country. Migration may assist or hinder development Remittances is considered one of the many massive contributions to the national accounts of many emigration countries. Through the money that they are sending, the government earns a bulk that helps finance the development investment of the country. Emigrants are given the opportunity to travel aboard and to be able to learn other people's culture, history and environment. They became adaptive with the place where they are in and were able to obtain additional knowledge and insights which cannot be learn thru books but only by interactions. Countries are mandated to observe international cooperation to help ensure orderly migration and to heighten the involvement of migration to development. One on the main disadvantage brought by migration is the "brain drain". Brain drain is a problem for many poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries. The most skilled and most talented workers of a certain less developed country are bound to look for better job opportunities or employment in a developed countries considering work guarantee and better lives conditions for himself and that of his family. However, the country where he came from is to settle with those who are left as its workforce but cannot do anything because it has no remedy to the situation. It is to add further that the regulation of emigration from less-developed countries is often ineffective thus allows exploitative employment and abuses. Many of the emigrants has stories to tell when it deals with abuses, cruelty and violence. Crimes like women and children trafficking, smuggling, drug related cases and other forms of crimes are being charged to them or they became victims of such. For these reasons, the government must create and have strong teeth for its implementations of policies and laws that prevent abuses or exploitation of their citizens while they are abroad. If the government will be able implement the policies and laws, it will guarantee the safety and well-being of its citizens. In addition to these, the government must provide assistance in cases of death, illness, accidents and other similar cases of same nature to its citizens It is in a way to show the gratitude of the government as to the help these emigrants are doing for the economic growth of the country. Many of the emigrants who finds good paying employment abroad still wishes to come home to be with their families. The money acquired or have been saved from work abroad is
used as an investment for a new business or enterprise. However, many countries do not have policies to assist returning migrants to start anew in their own country. Usually, they are left on their own on how to manage their own affairs. Some become successful but majority suffers from a major setback. They will settle in finding a job but face difficulty in finding a job commensurate with the skills they have acquired abroad. Thus will eventually decide to go back abroad and leave again their families. To avoid such chain, the government should institutionalize a plan of action that will benefit the returning emigrants, for them to be given better options in staying in their country than going back abroad. Activity OFW Interview Direction: Interview a former or current OFW (face-to-face or online). Your interview should answer the following questions.
- State the reasons why the OFW decided to leave the country.
- What are the problems they encountered in the country they went to?
- What are the benefits they obtained in the country they went to?
- What are the significant differences as well as the similarities with the country they went to and our country?
- If they are given the choice, would they still leave our country? Why and why not? References: S. Amer Ahmed. (2015). How are global demographics changing? Retrieved April 9, 2019 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/how-are-global-demographics-changing/. Charnock, Greig. Global City. (2013). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 12, 2019 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city. Demographics. Planetary Project Serving Humanity. Retrieved April 12, 2019 from http://planetaryproject.com/global_problems/demography.
