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GIA Diamond Exam Questions and
Answers- Essentials
chemical element - Answer-consists of only one kind of atom mineral - Answer-inorganic. most minerals are a combo of 2 or more elements diamonds form - Answer-within 90-120 miles below earth's surface value factos - Answer-features used to judge the quality and value of stones - a diamonds value is based on its combo of the Four C's inclusions - Answer-clarity characteristic totally enclosed in a polished gemstone or extending into it from the surface. affect value most blemishes - Answer-clarity characteristic on the surface of a gemstone (surface irregularity). includes scratches and knicks on a surface rarest diamond colors - Answer-red, purple, green, orange- then pink and blue
lab-grown - Answer-manmade material with the same chemical composition, crystal structure, and properties simulants/imitations - Answer-simply look like naturals- not the same composition (can be man made or natural) - cz, moissanite, glass, zircon, LG spinel Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - Answer-established by congress in 1914 to protect consumers from unlawful business cut - Answer-how light performs in a stone- affects brightness, fire, and scintillation brightness - Answer-effect of stone's internal and external reflections of white light (brilliance) fire - Answer-flashes of color in a diamond scintillation - Answer-flashes of light and contrasting dark areas seen when the diamond, light, or observer move crown - Answer-top part of diamond- above firdle girdle - Answer-narrow section between crown and pavillion- functions as the setting edge pavillion - Answer-lower part- below girdle facets - Answer-flat, polished surface
toughness - Answer-resistance to breaking and chipping - diamonds are less tough where the atoms are not bonded as tightly together stability - Answer-ability to resist chemicals and temperature changes Moh's scale - Answer-ranking of relative hardness of 10 minerals. Established 1822 by Fredrick Mohs. Mohs scale order 10-1 - Answer-Diamond, corundum, topaz, quartz, orthoclase feldspar, apatite, fluorite, calcite, gypsum, talc cleavage direction - Answer-where atoms are farthest apart thermal shock - Answer-damage caused by sudden, extreme temperature changes. diamonds will burn at 1562 degrees F mining ratio - Answer-ratio of diamond to ore when mining is 0.30 carat per metric ton of rock mining locations - Answer-frozen northern canada, western australia, bottom of atlantic, desert of south africa feathers - Answer-collective term for diamond cleavages and fractures cleavage - Answer-a type of break that is parallel to the weakest direction in the gems structure fracture - Answer-a break in any direction other than the cleavage direction
graining - Answer-when the crystal grows and it develops irregularities in its atomic structure- looks like faint lines/streaks 5 factors that determine the effect of characteristics on clarity - Answer-Size (how big are inclusions), number (how many), location (are they in the heart of the stone), relief (contrast between the inclusion and the diamond), nature (type of characteristic) manufacturers - Answer-person/company that cuts and polishes diamonds and stones (cutters) bruting - Answer-forming the basic face up outline of a round or rounded shape diamond to prepare it for facetting (aka "rounding up" or "girdling") - 1st step in cutting process bearding - Answer-small feathers that extend from surface of girdle into stone natural - Answer-sometimes cutters leave a small surface of rough to show they retained maximum weight cavities (cav) - Answer-happens when a feather breaks away and leaves a hole, or when a crystal that reached the surface falls out or is removed during polishing chip (ch) - Answer-rounded, shallow opening on a facet junction polish lines - Answer-fine parallel grooves made during cutting- dont extend past facet junctinos, each facet is polished individually bruise (br) - Answer-tiny area of impact with very small, root-like feathers, typically occur at a facet junction
abrasion (abr) - Answer-series of minute scratches and pits along a diamonds facet junctions, producing a white/fuzzy look burn (brn) - Answer-whitish haze across a facet, or within a concentrated area, caused by excessive heat during polishing or from a jewelers torch extra facet (ef) - Answer-facet not required by cutting style, unsymmetrical, usually near girdle lizard skin (ls) - Answer-wavy/bumpy area on surface of a polished stone nick (nck) - Answer-small notch on a facet junction with no apparent depth - usually along girdle or at culet pit (pit) - Answer-small opening that looks like a tiny white dot at 10x rough girdle (rg) - Answer-irregular or granular girdle surface scratch (scr) - Answer-thin dull white line across surface - shows no apparent depth at 10x surface graining (sg) - Answer-similar to internal graining except it appears on the surface, results from irregularities in crystal structure laser drilling - Answer-uses a concentrated beam of laser light to reach a diamonds dark inclusions and disguise or eliminate them- often using bleach/acid. improves clarity but that result itself is its own characteristic that must be disclosed fracture filling - Answer-injects molten glass substance into a diamonds surface-reaching feathers or laser drill holes. (characteristic must reach the surface). doesn't "heal" the the fracture, just makes it
harder to see. the injected material has a refractive index that is closer to a diamonds that air. NOT CONSIDERED PERMANENT SO GIA DOES NOT GRADE THESE STONES apparent clarity - Answer-describes the effects of treatments on the visual appeal of a gemstone, doesnt change actual clarity flawless - Answer-no inclusions/blemishes under 10x. extra facets not visible faceup. naturals confined to girdle but dont thicken/distort it internally flawless - Answer-no inclusions under 10x. minor blemishes (surface graining, naturals, extra facets) very very slightly included - Answer-minute inclusions - pinpoints, needles, internal graining, etc. extremely difficult to see at 10x = VVS1. very difficult to see at 10x= VVS very slightly included - Answer-minute inclusions- small crystals, small feathers, clouds, etc. difficult to see at 10x= VS1. somewhat easy to see at 10x= VS slightly included - Answer-noticeable inclusions- crystals, feathers, clouds, twinning wisps, etc. Easy to see at 10x= SI1. Very easy to see at 10x= SI included - Answer-obvious inclusions under 10x- large feathers or large included crystals diamond plot - Answer-record of clarity. green= blemish. red= inclusion. black= extra facets and metal position if mounted pique - Answer-general term for included stones
fluorescense - Answer-emission of visible light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (light wavelength that is invisible to human eye). about 35% of diamonds have some degree of it colored diamonds - Answer-yellow, brown, or gray diamonds with more color than the Z masterstone, or that exhibit any other color face-up outside normal color range. graded on presence of color diamond coating - Answer-earlier color treatment - super thin layer of chemicals applied to diamond- easily removed or damaged irradition - Answer-treatment that changes the color by exposing it to radioactive materials- alters the crystal structure annealing - Answer-stone heating process that can be used alone or to stabilize irradiated color proportions - Answer-The angles and relative measurements of a polished gem, and the relationships between them. finish - Answer-quality of the polish and precision of the cut of a gem make - Answer-qualities of a diamonds proportions and finish. "good make" refraction - Answer-change in speed and possible change in direction of light as it travels from one transparent material to another (i.e: air to diamond) refractive index - Answer-measure of the change in speed and angle of light as it passes from one material to another - measure of diamonds capacity to slow/bend light, how many times light reflects off interior surfaces before it exits dispersion - Answer-separation of white light into spectral colors
cutting proccess - Answer-cleaving or sawing (sometimes both), bruting, polishing planner - Answer-determines where a rough should be sawed- how to get the best yield blocking - Answer-stage of cutting where the diamond gets 17-18 facets, establishes its basic symmetry brillianteer - Answer-specialist that polishes the final facets shoulders - Answer-one of the two sides adjacent to the rounded end of a pear or oval shape- should be gently and evenly rounded wings - Answer-one of the two sides near the point of a marquise, pear, or heart shape- should form attractive arches cut corners - Answer-adds visual appeal to cut corners, provides secure setting areas and decreases risk of chipping table size - Answer-expressed as a percent of a rounds average girdle diameter - determines how much light enters and leaves a stone. ideal is 50-66% average girdle diameter - Answer-adding smallest and largest girdle measurements of a round and dividing by two crown angle - Answer-angle formed by the bezel facets and the girdle plane. ideal: between 25- pavillion depth percentage - Answer-distance from bottom of the girdle plane to the culet, expressed as percent of girdle diameter. too low= fisheye (dull/flat, gray ring). too high= nailhead (dark under table)
Kimberly Process - Answer-designed to monitor and certify rough diamonds as they make their way through the market- only govnmnts that follow this are allowed to legitimately export and import diamonds feature - Answer-characteristic of a piece of jewelry (technical) benefits - Answer-the value a feature holds for a customer (romantic, emotional, financial, etc). "Diamonds with high clarity grades (feature) are rare (benefit) objections - Answer-temporary obstacle raised by a customer that delays or stops the sale Diamonds are forever - Answer-introduced by DeBeers in 1940's to promote diamonds as a symbol of love and romance sell down to sell up - Answer-customer is less likely to be shocked by a price if you show them a higher priced item first tag - Answer-restatement of a benefit, posed as a question, designed to elicit agreement Cecil Rhodes - Answer-discovered large deposits of diamonds in south africa in 1800's then founded De Beers
