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Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Computer
Design
- Introduction
- Performance Improvement due to (1). Advances in the technology (2). Innovation in computer design
- 1945-1970: (1) and (2) made a major contribution to
performance improvement
- 1970 ~ : 25% to 30% per year performance
improvement for the mainframes and minicomputers.
- 1975~ : 35% per year performance improvement for
microprocessors simply due to (1).
Performance Growth for Micro-
processors
The Effect of the Growth rate in
Computer Performance
- Significantly enhanced the capability available to computer users
- Lead to the dominance of microprocessor-based computers across the entire range of computer design. - Workstations and PCs have emerged as major
products.
- Servers replace minicomputers.
- Multiprocessors replace mainframe computers and
super computers.
- The advance of IC technology
- Emergence of RSIC
- Renewal of CISC such as x86 (IA32) microprocessors.
The Changing Face of Computing
1960s Large mainframes
» Business data processing and scientific computing
1970s Minicomputers
» Time-sharing
1980s Desktop computing(personal
computing)
1990s Internet and Word Wide Web
(servers)
2000s Embedded computing, mobile
computing, and pervasive computing
- “organization” includes the high-level aspects of a computer’s
design, such as the memory system, the bus structure, and the internal CPU.
- NEC VR5432 and NEC VR 4122 have the same instruction set
architecture but with different organization.
- “Hardware” would include the detailed logic design and
packaging technology of the machine.
- For example: different Pentium microprocessors running in different frequency have the same instruction set architecture and organization but with different hardware implementation
- Organization and hardware are two components of
implementations.
Functional Requirements (Fig. 1.4)
• Application Area:
- General purpose, scientific and server, commercial,
embedded computing
• Level of Software Compatibility
- At programming language, object code or binary code
compatibility
• Operating System Requirements
- Size of address space, memory management, protection
• Standards
- Floating point, I/O bus, operating systems, networks,
programming languages
Scaling of IC Technology
- IC Process Technology
- IC Technology and Computer Performance
- Transistor performance
- Wire delay
- Power consumption
Cost, Price and Their Trends
- Cost reduction factors
- Learning curve drives the cost down; manufacturing costs over time, i.e., yield improvement.
- High volume (i.e. mass production)
- Commodities are products sold by multiple vendors in large volumes and essentially identical, i.e., competition.
- Price of DRAM (fig. 1.5)
- Price of Pentium III (fig. 1.6)
- Cost of an integrated circuit
- Cost of die =f(die area)
- Computer designer affects die size both by what functions are included on the die and by the number of I/O pins.
- Distribution of cost in a system (fig. 1.9, 1.10)
Price of Pentium III
Price for $1000 PC
Choosing Programs to Evaluate
Performance
- Best case: Measure the execution time of a system’s workload
- General case: five levels of programs are used:
- Real programs: C compiler, Tex, Spice, etc.
- Modified (scripted) applications: A collection of real applications…
- Kernels: small, key pieces from the real programs, ex., Livermore loops and Linpack.
- Toy Benchmarks: 10 to 100 lines of code and produce a result the user already knows, ex., puzzle, quicksort,…
- Synthetic benchmarks: try to match the average frequency of operations and operands of a large set of programs, ex., Whetstone and Drystone.
- Performance prediction accuracy:
- Real programs is best, wile synthetic benchmarks is worst. and reporting performance results (fig. 1.9 &1.10)
Benchmark Suites
• SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation
Corporation)
• Benchmark types
- Desktop benchmarks
- Server benchmarks
- Embedded benchmarks
Server Benchmarks
• SPEC
- File server benchmarks: SPECSFS
- Measuring NFS performance
- Web server benchmarks: SPECWeb
- Simulate multiple clients requesting both static and dynamic pages.
• TPC (Transaction-Processing Council)
- TPC-A, TPC-C, TPC-H, TPC-R, TPC-W
- Simulate a business-oriented transactions (queries)
- www.tpc.org
Embedded Benchmarks
• EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark
Consortium (EEMBC) (Fig. 1.13)
- Automotive/industrial
- Consumer
- Networking
- Office automation
- Telecommunications
