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FISDAP AIRWAY EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% ANSWERS CORRECT
2025 UPDATED GRADED A+
From the atmosphere, what structures does air pass through during ventilation? - Answer Starts in atmosphere, then nose, nasopharyngeal space/oropharyngeal space (if mouth breather), then pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli What is the purpose of the nasal passages and nasopharynx? - Answer To warm/humidify air as it passes through What is the difference between respiration and ventilation? - Answer Respiration refers to the exchange of gases in the alveoli, ventilation refers to the movement of air into the lungs. Respiration is needed to provide O to cells and remove waste products. Also regulates pH of blood. What are the structures of the upper airway? - Answer nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx and larynx What structure is considered a landmark that divides the upper airway from lower? - Answer The larynx, anything above is upper. The larynx and below are lower. What are the structures of the lower airways? - Answer larynx (includes adam's apple/thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Describe the anatomy of the larynx. - Answer From superior to inferior. Thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, and cricoid membrane. The thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are anterior to the larynx, and the cricothyroid membrane is posterior to both structures.
True or false: the lungs are completely equal in the midsaggital plane. - Answer False, right lungs has 3 lobes, left lung only has 2 lobes. Together they have 5 total. Also, the right bronchi is inferior to the left bronchi. What are the structures of the lungs in order of ventilation? - Answer bronchioles, and alveoli True or false: the lungs use muscles found in the lateral lobes to expand and contract? - Answer False: the lungs are hollow organs and contain no muscles. When the diaphragm contracts it expands the thoracic cavity. The pleural space has a negative pressure and the lungs expand. This results in a slightly negative pressure (compared to the atmosphere) and air rushes in. True or false: Air rushes into the lungs because of negative pressure. - Answer True, when the lungs expand, they are creating a vacuum because they are expanding the volume of the container. This increase in volume causes influx of air into the container until the pressure is equalized with the atmosphere. True or false: The parietal pleura lines the lungs and the visceral pleura lines the lungs. The space between is called the anterior pleura. - Answer False: the visceral pleura lines the lungs, the parietal pleura lines the body cavity and the pleural space is the space in between both where body fluid allows for both to smoothly glide. What muscles are involved in inhalation? - Answer The diaphragm, cervical muscles (neck), intercostals, abdominal muscles, and pectoral muscles. What muscles are involved in expiration? - Answer none, expiration (if done passively) is achieved by the relaxation of the diaphragm. What is the primary driver of respiration? (Why would we increase/decrease RR?) - Answer The CSF in the brain has chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2. When there is too much CO2. The pH changes. These sensors feed back to the medulla oblongata, which stimulates the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm. They cause an increase in activity of the diaphragm. This increases the RR which
What is minute volume? What does it measure? - Answer Minute volume = RR x tidal volume. Volume of air moving through lungs in 1 minute. Can be estimated quickly. Count RR rate. If normal check to see chest rise and fall (tidal volume). If chest rise and fall is weak and/or little air coming out of nose, then the person has small minute volume. Alveolar Minute Volume - Answer Volume of air moved through lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space. Alveolar Minute Volume = (tidal volume - dead space) x RR Alveolar Ventilation - Answer Volume of air that reaches alveoli. Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - dead space Name the characteristics of normal breathing - Answer 1. Normal rate (12-
- regular pattern of inhalation/exhalation
- clear bilateral lung sounds
- regular and equal chest rise/fall
- adequate depth (tidal volume) What are the characteristics of inadequate breathing (adults)? - Answer Chapter 6
- labored breathing (activating accessory muscles of respiration)
- 12< or >20 breaths/minute
- muscle retractions above clavicles or between ribs and below rib cage
- pale/cyanotic skin
- cool, damp, clammy skin
- tripod position Chapter 10
- 12< or 20>
- irregular rhythm
- diminished, absent or noisy auscultated breath sounds
- reduced flow of expired air at nose/mouth
- unequal or inadequate chest expansion
- labored breathing
- shallow depth
- pale, cyanotic, cool or moist skin
- retractions around ribs or above clavicles
What are agonal gasps? What should you do if a pt has agonal gasps? - Answer Pt in cardiac arrest has occasional gasping breaths because respiratory center in brain continues to send signals to breathing muscles. Artificial ventilations and chest compressions. Where are the alpha-1 receptors located? What is their effect? - Answer location-blood vessels constricted blood vessels, skin is pale, cool, clammy They essentially increase BP Where are the Beta-1 receptors located? What is their effect? - Answer location-heart effect- increased HR, increased force of contraction They essentially increase CO since CO = HR x SV Where are the Beta-2 receptors located? What is their effect? - Answer location - lungs (beta-2 is beta-tube) effect - bronchodilation (more air enters lungs) Where are the muscarinic receptors located? What is their effect? - Answer location - heart effect - decreased HR, decreased force of contraction Muscarinic is parasympathetic system and do complete opposite of Beta- which is sympathetic What hormones activate the sympathetic nervous system? - Answer Epineprhine and norepineprhine, which are released from he adrenal gland after stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. These hormones stimulate heart and blood vessels. What is pathophysiology? - Answer Study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
- Cells that are able switch to anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid which further drops pH Glottis - Answer Space between vocal cords and narrowest portion of adult's airway. Lateral borders of glottis are the vocal cords. They contain defense reflexes that protect lower airway, and spasm to prevent foreign substances from entering trachea Carina - Answer The branching area of the left and right bronchi Mediastinum - Answer Area between the lungs which is surrounded by tough connective tissue. Contains heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, major bronchi and nerves. What is the term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid? How is this relevant to ventilation? How is this relevant to respiration?
- Answer Partial pressure of gas, measured in mmHg. When lungs expand, partial pressure of air is less than that in atmosphere. Air rushes in during ventilation. Inhalation In oxygen rich lungs, PO2 > PO2 oxygen poor blood. O2 diffuses across alveoli into blood. In CO2 rich blood, PCO2 > PCO2 of lungs so CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs, and then is exhaled out What does it mean if someone says they are "keeping the airways patent"?
- Answer Keeping airway patent = maintaining open airway so air can enter/leave lungs freely How is regulation of breathing different in those with COPD? What does research indicate about assisting in respiration with COPD sufferers? - Answer COPD sufferers have difficulty removing CO2 from body. Overtime, respiratory control centers in brain adjust to this new baseline of CO2. In late stage COPD hypoxic drive is activated. Some research suggests that providing high flow O2 could negatively affect body's drive to breathe.
What is Dyspnea? - Answer Shortness of breath Signs and symptoms of Hypoxia? - Answer Early
- Restlessness
- Irritability
- apprehension
- tachycardia
- anxiety Late
- mental status changes
- weak (thready) pulse
- cyanosis
- Dyspnea Cellular respiration (Metabolism)? - Answer Cells take energy from nutrients through series of chemical processes. What is the difference between external and internal respiration? - Answer External - process of breathing fresh air into respiratory system and exchanging O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries internal - exchange of oxygen and CO2 between systemic circulatory systems and cells of body What are the critical periods in which a cell needs O2? - Answer 0- minute: cardiac irritability 0-4 minute: brain damage not likely 4-6 minute: brain damage possible 6-10 minute: brain damage likely more than 10: irreversible brain damage What is intrapulmonary shunting? What is the cause of it? - Answer It's when blood enters lungs from right side of heart bypasses alveoli and return to left side of heart in unoxygenated state. Can be caused by nonfunctional alveoli due to diseases What factors can lead to hypoxia due to circulatory compromise? - Answer
- obstruction of blood flow due to
Normal reading between 98-100. Less than 90% pt requires treatment unless chronic condition. Oxygen applied when SPO2 drops below 94% What can cause an inaccurate pulse ox? - Answer 1. Hypovolemia
- Severe peripheral vasoconstriction (chronic hypoxia, smoking or hypothermia)
- Time delay in detecting respiratory insufficiency
- Dark/metallic nail polish
- Dirty fingers
- CO poisoning You encounter an unconscious pt. They have a pulse but inadequate breathing. What should you do if they are a) found in their bed or b) found underneath a tree? - Answer You need to open the airway. If head trauma is suspected, use a jaw thrust. If head trauma is not suspected, use a head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver You encounter an unconscious pt. They have a pulse but inadequate respirations. You open the airway and find vomit. What should you do? - Answer You should suction the pt using How do you use suction equipment? - Answer Can use rigid (Yankauer/tonsil tips) or nonrigid (french/whistle-tip). Use rigid unless you are suctioning a stoma or suctioning nose/liquid at back of mouth. Make sure to measure for proper size. Don't touch back of throat, don't want to activate gag reflex. Turn on to at least 300 mmHg. Attach appropriate tubing. Suction for no more than 15 seconds for adults, 10 seconds for children, and 5 seconds for infants. Rinse with water. Asthma Signs and Symptoms? - Answer 1. wheezing on inspiration/expiration
- Bronchospasm Anaphylaxis Signs and Symptoms? - Answer 1. Flushed skin/hives (urticaria)
- Generalized edema
- hypotension
- laryngeal edema w/ dyspnea
- wheezing/stridor
Most rxns occur w/in 30 mins, administer epi using epipen. O2 also helps Bronchiolitis signs and symptoms? - Answer 1. Dyspnea
- wheezing
- Coughing
- fever
- dehydration
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia Often due to RSV infection, severe bronchiole inflammation. Occurs most frequently in infants, especially boys. Provide O2 therapy, allow pt to remain in comfortable position. Reassess frequently and be prepared to manage airway/positive pressure ventilation Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms - Answer 1. Chronic cough w/ sputum production
- Wheezing
- cyanosis
- Tachypnea Type of COPD, can be due to tobacco. When excess mucus created. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Answer 1. flu like symptoms
- headache
- dizziness
- fatigue
- nausea
- vomiting
- chest pain remove them from scene, administer high flow o2 by nonrebreathing mask. May need full airway control w/ airway adjunct and bvm ventilation CHF - Answer 1. Dependent edema
- Crackles (pulmonary edema)
- Orthopnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Common Cold - Answer 1. cough
anything in mouths. Provide quick transport to ER, focus on maintaining patent airway Flu - Answer 1. cough
- fever
- sore throat
- fatigue Hay Fever - Answer coldlike symptoms, caused by allergic response. Hyperventilation - Answer over breathing to the point of arterial CO2 falls below normal. Alkalosis of blood occurs.
- anxiety
- dizziness
- numbness
- tingling of hands/feet
- painful spasms of hand/feet
- Pt's feel they cannot catch breathe occurs when someone experiences psychological distress. Maybe be as high as 40 breaths/min or low as 20. Verbally instruct pt to slow breathing, and if that doesn't work, give supplemental O2 and provide transport Pertussis - Answer 1. coughing spells
- whooping sound
- fever airborne bacterial infection, coughing spells can last for a minute where pt turns red. May vomit/want to avoid eat/drink Pleural Effusion - Answer collection of fluid outside lung on one or both sides that compresses lung/lungs and causes dyspnea. Lung sounds = decreased breath sounds from lungs where fluid is. Pt's feel better sitting upright, but only treatment is fluid removal in hospital Pneumonia - Answer 1. dyspnea
- chills/fever
- cough
- green, red or rust colored sputum
- localized wheezing or crackles Infection of lungs, often secondary infection. Affects people who are chronically/terminally ill. May hear wheezing, crackles, friction rubs or rhonchi. Provide airway support, supplemental O pneumothorax - Answer 1. sudden chest pain w/ dyspnea
- decreased breath sounds on affected side
- subcutaneous emphysema
- JVD Effects tall and thin people more. Caused when air leaks into pleural space from opening in chest/lung surface. Lung collapses and pleural spaces no longer contact Pulmonary edema - Answer caused by CHF, where heart can't pump blood away as fast as it collects in pulmonary arteries. So you have edema in lungs.
- difficulty breathing w/ exertion
- sudden attack of respiratory distress
- suffocation feeling
- cold sweats
- tachycardia
- cool, diaphoretic, cyanotic kin
- adventitious breath sounds like crackles/wheezing
- tachycardia
- hypertension initially then hypotension pulmonary embolus - Answer 1. sharp chest pain
- sudden onset
- dyspnea
- tachycardia
- clear breath sounds initially
- hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- tachypnea tension pneumothorax - Answer 1. severe shortness of breath
- decreased/altered level of consciousness
location - over peripheral lung, best heard at base characteristics - best heard on inspiration (5:2) ratio What are bronchiole-vesicular sounds? - Answer description - moderate intensity and moderate pitch blowing sounds, created by air moving through larger bronchi location - between scapula and lateral to sternum characteristics - equal inspiratory and expiratory What are bronchial (tubular) lung sounds? - Answer description - high pitched, loud harsh sounds created by air moving through trachea location - anteriorly over trachea, generally not heard over lung tissue characteristics - louder than vesicular sounds, have short inspiratory phase and long expiratory phase (1:2 ratio) What are the types of adventitious lung sounds? - Answer 1. crackles (rales)
- gurgles (rhonchi)
- friction rub
- wheeze
- stridor What are crackles? - Answer description - fine short, interrupted crackling sounds, best approximated by rolling hair between fingers. Best heard on inspiration but can be heard on both. May not be cleared by coughing cause - air passing through fluid/mucous in air passageway location - most often heard in lower lung lobes associated w/ - pulmonary edema, CHF, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis
What are gurgles (rhonchi)? - Answer description - continuous low pitched gurgling sounds w/ moaning/snoring quality. Best heard on inspiration but can be heard on both. Can be altered by coughing. cause - Air passing through narrowed air passages as a result of secretions, swelling, tumors location - Loud sounds can be heard over most lung areas, but predominate over the trachea and bronchi associated w/- Secretions, Obstructions, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, COPD Friction rub - Answer description - Superficial grating or creaking sounds heard during inspiration and expiration. Not relieved by coughing. cause - Rubbing together of inflamed pleural surfaces location - Heard most often in areas of greatest thoracic expansion (e.g., lower anterior and lateral chest) associated w/ - Pleuritis, Pulmonary embolism, COPD, Pneumonia Wheeze - Answer description - Continuous, high-pitched, squeaky musical sounds. Best heard on expiration. Not usually altered by coughing. cause - Air passing through a constricted bronchus as a result of secretions, swelling, tumors location - Heard over all lung fields associated w/ - Asthma, Allergic reaction, Airway obstruction, COPD Stridor - Answer description - A harsh vibrating noise when breathing, caused by obstruction of the windpipe or larynx. cause - Obstruction or narrowing of the upper airway. location - Less than severe stridor can be auscultated over the larynx. Severe stridor can be heard without a stethoscope.
contraindications - pt who is in respiratory arrest, Si/sx of pneumothorax or chest trauma, pt who has a tracheostomy, active Gi bleeding/vomiting, pt unable to follow verbal commands
