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Active Site
The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds TERM 2
Active Transport
DEFINITION 2 Active transport is the mediated process of moving particles across a biological membrane against a concentration gradient. TERM 3
Adaptation
DEFINITION 3 Adaptation is the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. TERM 4
Adenine
DEFINITION 4 Adenine is a nucleobase (a purine derivative) with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and protein synthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. TERM 5
Aerobic Respiration
DEFINITION 5 Cellular respiration, also known as 'oxidative metabolism', is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy.
Algae
Algae (; singular alga , Latin for "seaweed") are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. TERM 7
Alternation of Generations
DEFINITION 7 A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte TERM 8
Anabolism
DEFINITION 8 Anabolism (Greek "mound" from ana = upward + ballein = "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. TERM 9
Anaerobic
DEFINITION 9 Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lack oxygen and may be poisoned by it. TERM 10
Animalia
DEFINITION 10 The kingdom that consists of multi-cellular eukaryotes that ingest their food.
apoplast
The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that triggers he activation of cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. TERM 17
Archaea (Archaebacteria)
DEFINITION 17 One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria TERM 18
ATP
DEFINITION 18 An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that release free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. TERM 19
autogenesis
DEFINITION 19 The supposed development of living organisms from nonliving matter. TERM 20
autotroph
DEFINITION 20 An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotroph use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.
auxin
Auxins are a class of plant growth substance and morphogens (often called phytohormone or plant hormone). TERM 22
bacilli
DEFINITION 22 Bacilli refers to a taxonomic class of bacteria. TERM 23
bacteria
DEFINITION 23 The bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. TERM 24
bacteriophage
DEFINITION 24 A bacteriophage (from 'bacteria' and Greek phagein "to eat") is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. TERM 25
bark
DEFINITION 25 Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. TERM 32
cambium
DEFINITION 32 a layer of delicate meristematic tissue between the inner bark or phloem and the wood or xylem, which produces new phloem on the outside and new xylem on the inside in stems, roots, etc., originating all secondary growth in plants and forming the annual rings of wood. TERM 33
capsid
DEFINITION 33 A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. TERM 34
capsomere
DEFINITION 34 Capsomeres make up the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. TERM 35
carbohydrate
DEFINITION 35 A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers
carotenoid
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some types of fungus and some bacteria. TERM 37
carpel
DEFINITION 37 The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. TERM 38
Casparian strip
DEFINITION 38 In plant anatomy, the Casparian strip is a band of Cell wall material in the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis, which is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall. TERM 39
catabolism
DEFINITION 39 Catabolism (Greek kata = downward + ballein = to throw) is the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. TERM 40
catalyst
DEFINITION 40 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst.
Cell
Wall
A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. TERM 47
Cellulose
DEFINITION 47 A structural polysaccharide of cells walls,consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glychosidec linkages TERM 48
Charophyceae
DEFINITION 48 Charophyceae is a taxon of green algae whose exact rank is the matter of some current debate. TERM 49
chemoautotroph
DEFINITION 49 Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their environments. TERM 50
chemoheterotroph
DEFINITION 50 Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their environments.
chitin
A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons TERM 52
cisternae
DEFINITION 52 A cisterna (plural cisternae) comprises a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus. TERM 53
coacervate
DEFINITION 53 A coacervate is a tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically, lipid molecules) which is held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid. TERM 54
cocci
DEFINITION 54 Cocci is one of the three types of shapes of bacterias: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirella, (spiral-shaped) TERM 55
Cohesion tension
DEFINITION 55 Transpirational pull is the main phenomenon driving the flow of water in the xylem tissues of large plants.
conjugation
In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. In ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei. TERM 62
contractile vacuole
DEFINITION 62 A contractile vacuole is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation. TERM 63
Cork (periderm)
DEFINITION 63 Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants. TERM 64
Cork Cambium
DEFINITION 64 Cork cambium is a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the periderm. TERM 65
Cortex
DEFINITION 65 In botany, the cortex is the outer layer of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis.
cotyledon
A seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two. TERM 67
Cristae
DEFINITION 67 Cristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. TERM 68
cuticle
DEFINITION 68 Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs without periderm. TERM 69
cyanobacteria
DEFINITION 69 Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. TERM 70
cytokinins
DEFINITION 70 Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (plant hormones) that promote cell division.
dicotyledon
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. TERM 77
differentiation
DEFINITION 77 In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. TERM 78
diffusion
DEFINITION 78 The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area. TERM 79
dioecious
DEFINITION 79 Dioecious species are whose members can produce only one type of gamete; each individual organism belonging to a dioecious species is distinctly male or female (the word deriving from the Greek for "two households"). TERM 80
diploid
DEFINITION 80 Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a biological cell.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. TERM 82
dormancy
DEFINITION 82 Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity is temporarily stopped. TERM 83
double
fertilization
DEFINITION 83 Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism that has evolved in flowering plants, known as angiosperms. TERM 84
double helix
DEFINITION 84 The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. TERM 85
embryo sac
DEFINITION 85 Ovule literally means "small egg." In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
endotoxins
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram- negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. TERM 92
enzyme
DEFINITION 92 Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. TERM 93
epidermis
DEFINITION 93 The epidermis is a single-layered group of cells that covers plants leaves, flowers, roots and stems. TERM 94
essential elements
DEFINITION 94 In plants, a chemical element that is required for the plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seed. TERM 95
ethylene
DEFINITION 95 The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.
Eukarya
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms TERM 97
eukaryote
DEFINITION 97 A eukaryote ( or ) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures inside the membranes. TERM 98
evolution
DEFINITION 98 In biology, evolution is change in the genetic material of a population of organisms through successive generations. TERM 99
exotoxins
DEFINITION 99 An exotoxin is a toxin excreted by a microrganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. TERM 100
Facultative anaerobe
DEFINITION 100 A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation.
