Partial preview of the text
Download Final Exam Review (Cumulative) | BIOL - Biology 1 - Introduction and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Incomplete Dominance
Where a dominant allele does not fully suppress a recessive
allele.
TERM 2
Codominance
DEFINITION 2
Where both alleles in a heterozygous organism are equally
expressed, regardless of their dominant or recessive nature.
E.g. ABO blood typing
TERM 3
Pleiotropy
DEFINITION 3
When an allele influences two or more separate traits.
TERM 4
Aneuploidy
DEFINITION 4
An abnormal number of chromosomes e.g. down syndrome
(trisomy 21)
TERM 5
Polyploidy
DEFINITION 5
Looking at haploid (1N) and diploid cells (2N), comparatively,
polyploidy is defined as having more than 2 sets of
chromosomes. E.g. 3N.
Epistasis
Where the expression of one gene is dependent on another.
The dependent gene is typically silenced.
TERM 7
How was DNA determined to be the
transforming agent?
DEFINITION 7
Avery's experiment with R and S strains. He filled 6 test tubes with
killed S strain (lethal) and live R strain (not lethal). In each test
tube, a different enzyme responsible for breaking down a unique
component of the cell was present, to see what component had an
effect on the transformation from live R strain to S strain. As a
result of DNA being destroyed, the R strain was not transformed
into the S strain, identifying it as the transformation agent.
TERM 8
Hershey and Chase
Experiment
DEFINITION 8
Purpose: to prove that DNA is the hereditary molecule, not protein.Two
batches of phages were grown. One in radioactive sulfur which was
incorporated into the phage protein (pink), and one grown in radioactive
phosphorous (blue) which was incorporated into the phage DNA. The
infected bacteria was centrifuged. The liquid on top of the bacteria cells
was pink, the bacteria did not change color. Batch #2, after centrifuging,
it was found that the bacteria had turned blue, and that the phage parts
had lost their color. Since the cells were blue, it proves DNA remains in
the cells and proves that DNA is the hereditary molecule.
TERM 9
What were the three experiments that helped
prove DNA to be the hereditary molecule
DEFINITION 9
Gladiff: Discovered "transformation" since R strain got turned into
S strainAvery: Discovered that DNA was the transformation agent,
by using the 6 test tubes.Hershey and Chase: Discovered that DNA
was the hereditary molecule by centrifuging bacteria infected by
phages with radiated protein and radiated DNA to see where they
end up. DNA was found in the in bacteria cells.
TERM 10
What is the model of DNA?
DEFINITION 10
Discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953, DNA was found to
be semiconservative.
DNA
Ligase
Lagging strand:- Joins Okazaki fragments togetherLeading
Strand:- Joins the 3' end the DNA that replaced the primer to
the rest of the leading strand
TERM 17
Operon
DEFINITION 17
A section of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription of
specific genes in a prokaryote- E.g. the Lac Operon regulates
production of enzymes that metabolize lactose- Repressor blocks
the transcription of the genes that code for enzyme production if
active, if inactive, RNA Pol is clear to translate- Inactive is lactose
is present- Active if lactose is absent
TERM 18
Where does glycolysis occur?
DEFINITION 18
The cytoplasm
TERM 19
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur and
what is it's net reaction?
DEFINITION 19
Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.Net Reaction:
Pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA ---> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH +
2CO
TERM 20
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur and
what is its net reaction?
DEFINITION 20
The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the matrix.Net Reaction:
Acetyl CoA + 6NADH + 2FAD+ + 2ADP ----> 4CO2 + 6NADH
+ 2FADH + 2ATP
Where does the ETC (oxidative
phosphorylation) occur and what is its net
reaction?
The electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria.Net Reaction:2NADH + 2NAD+ + 6NAD+ +
2FADH + 6O2 ---> 6H2O + 32 or 34 ATP
