Download Final Exam | PHIL - Philosophy 1 - Introduction and more Quizzes Introduction to Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity!
Rationalism vs
Empiricism
rationalism- knowledge is derived a priori (before experience)Empiricism- Knowledge is derived a posteriori ( after exierience) TERM 2
Descartes vs Spinoza
DEFINITION 2 Cartesian Dualism- seperates the mind from the bodyMonism- All of reality is in some significant sense "one" TERM 3
Res cogitans
DEFINITION 3 mind exists as a non-physical entity, whose characteristic is thinking TERM 4
Res extensa
DEFINITION 4 physical objects don't think; there characteristic is extension in space, purely mechanical TERM 5
Monism
DEFINITION 5 substancemodes, deus sive naturamind and matter together
Substance
exists in itself. this is to say that it is an ultimate metaphysical subject, infinite TERM 7
attributes
DEFINITION 7 the essence of the substance- this essence is existence TERM 8
Dues Sive Natura
DEFINITION 8 God or nature TERM 9
Modes
DEFINITION 9 if God is the only substance, then whatever else is, must exist in God TERM 10
The Free Will
Problem
DEFINITION 10 is determinism true?is free will (in)compatible with determinism (combatibility question)
Hierarchical Compatibilism
focus on freedom of willfirst and second order desires TERM 17
first order desires
DEFINITION 17 our immediate desires (i want a cigarette) TERM 18
Second order desires
DEFINITION 18 A desire about a desire (i want to quit smoking) TERM 19
Praise and blame
DEFINITION 19 implies culpability and responsibilityCan we have a sufficient judicial system in a deterministic world?Different degrees of causation? TERM 20
The soul Approach
DEFINITION 20 The characteristic of our person that allows for sameness over time is the soul.Influence of Cartesian DualismVoldemorts horcruxes.
The Body Approach
It is our very bodies that are the characteristic of sameness over time.The mass of various organisms plants to humans.Trees losing their leaves?Luke Skywalkers hand? Brain switches and Freaky Friday.Split brains and teleportation devices. TERM 22
The conciousness Approach
DEFINITION 22 Our personal identity as our personality, desires, ambitions, and memories all contained within our experiences of consciousness.John Locke (1632-1704) memories are the glue.But: What if I forgot the night before?The Hulk.I have no memories as a baby though?This might be answered by saying were like a computer being turned on and off again. TERM 23
Skepticism
DEFINITION 23 David Hume (1711-1776) rejected the possibility of a personal identity existing over time.We only live in the present - the hedonist. TERM 24
Reductio Ad Absurdum
DEFINITION 24 An argument is proven false through showing its conclusions to be contradictory. TERM 25
Begging the question
DEFINITION 25 An argument which already assumes the conclusion to be true.
The argument from contingency
1.A contingent being exists in nature.2.This contingent being has a cause or explanation for its existence.3.The cause or explanation for the contingent beings existence is independent of the contingent being.4.What causes or explains the contingent beings existence must be TERM 32
The argument from contingency continued
DEFINITION 32 5.either contingent beings or a non-contingent (necessary) being.Contingent beings alone cannot provide an adequate casual account or explanation for the existence of every contingent being.6.Therefore, it follows there must have been a necessary being from which all contingent beings are derived.7.Therefore, a necessary being (God) exists. TERM 33
Russel's Criticism
DEFINITION 33 Since we derive the concept of cause from our observation of particular things, we cannot ask about the cause of something like the universe that we cannot experience.The universe is just there, and thats all. TERM 34
The Kalam Cosmological
Argument
DEFINITION 34 William Lane Craig1.Whatever begins to exist has a cause.2.he universe began to exist.-Philosophical support.- Scientific evidence.3.Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence.4.Given (2), this cause must be an uncaused cause.5.Therefore, an uncaused first cause (God) exists. TERM 35
Teological Argument
DEFINITION 35 Hume's criticismDarwinCosmological/ "fine tuning" ideological argumentArgument from design that is the function, purpose, and interconnectedness of nature is so exquisite there must have been some kind of designer (God).Telos: end goal, or purpose.(1) Humes teleological argument.(2) Cosmological fine tuning.
Hume's teological argument
A firm skeptic outlined the argument to respond to it.1.Object x (like a plant) within nature is like human artifact y (like a machine) in relevant respects.2.y has certain functions and purposes because it is a product of deliberate design by intelligent human agency.3.Therefore, it is probable x has these functions precisely because it too is a product of deliberate design by a human-like intelligent agency. TERM 37
Hume's objections
DEFINITION 37 The analogy was a poor one. A living plant, for instance, is very different to an inanimate machine.There could be a myriad of reasons for why x had the functions it did: chance, for instance.Even if it were true, this conclusion does not point to the traditional conception of God as omnipotent and omniscient. Instead, most of the time, it points to an amateur designer. TERM 38
Darwin
DEFINITION 38 Charles Darwin (1809-1882): Theory of evolution of natural selection seems to undermine the whole teleological argument.Evolution: the non-random selection of random occurrences (biological or environmental).There is only the appearance of design.99% of all species that have existed on Earth have become extinct TERM 39
Cosmological "fine tuning"
DEFINITION 39 Evolution, and life, could not have occurred if the laws of physics were slightly different.1.Even if we accept evolution, life could only have begun with exactly how the laws of physics that exist are.2.If these laws were slightly different, the building blocks of life would not have been available.3.The odds that the laws of physics are this finely tuned by chance are infinitesimally small4.Therefore, an alternative explanation might be required: something (God) is the fine tuner. TERM 40
Problem of Induction
DEFINITION 40 Hume(1)Necessary causation is unknowable.(2)As we cannot know for certain an event will always cause an effect, we cannot presuppose an event will happen in the future as it has done in the past.
Noumena
the world as it actually is, independent of our experience TERM 47
Discourses and epistmes
DEFINITION 47 -Periods of history are organized around specific world- views.-The concept epistme refers to these various periods of discourse.-The knowledge produced in our epistme is our truth. TERM 48
Sovereign Power
DEFINITION 48 -Sovereign power can only act to punish or restrain kill or let live.-Punishment was public and violent, demonstrating the power of the sovereign.-Sovereign power, then, can only act upon the body. TERM 49
Disciplinary Power
DEFINITION 49 -The Enlightenment created the disciplines of the human sciences.-Knowledge developed from the human sciences allowed states to monitor their subjects.-Knowledge thus creates norms, to which this normalization becomes a technique of power, disciplining populations to conform to a standard.-Disciplinary power shapes society through institutions and knowledge gained through the human sciences. TERM 50
Regulatory Power
DEFINITION 50 -Citizens are regulated by the state and its institutions and epistemic discourse not economical.-The most economical form of surveillance is self-surveillance.-We thus act in certain ways according to a perceived norm without even realizing.-Citizens become disciplined through various institutions-What sovereign power does to the body, disciplinary power does to the soul.
Deductive logical reasoning
valid- conclusion follows the premisessound- valid and factually truemodus ponens- if a then b. a, therefore b.modus tollens- if a then b. not b. therefore, not a. TERM 52
Logic
DEFINITION 52 systematic study of evaluating arguments. TERM 53
Arugment
DEFINITION 53 a collection of statements or propositions, intended to provide support for one or some of the others. TERM 54
Premises
DEFINITION 54 The statements or propositions within an argument intended to provide support for a conclusion. TERM 55
Conclusion
DEFINITION 55 The final statement or proposition from which the premises try and support.
