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Natural service is much easier. Why choose
AI?
you can breed for specific traits, have a greater genetic basis
to choose from
TERM 2
T/F: Synch programs are only used in AI
systems
DEFINITION 2
false, they are a good tool for natural service as well
TERM 3
T/F: Synch programs have shown a rise in
conception rates when used
DEFINITION 3
false
TERM 4
List 3 benefits of using estrus
synchronization:
DEFINITION 4
1. more timely 1st service2. group females for parturition3.
more uniform weaning weights4. decrease time for heat
detection5. timed AI eliminates heat detection6. ability to
target anestrus animals and bring back to cyclicity
TERM 5
Which hormones are used in synch programs?
Describe how they're used (4)
DEFINITION 5
PGF: removes CL, forces ovulation, animal will come into
heat (3-5 days)GnRH: forces ovulation, animal starts over at
day 0, starts new follicular wave, gives you new
CLProgesterone: delay/block heat until you are ready for it to
occurHCG: directly causes ovulation, used a lot in horses but
they can become immune to it
PGF is viable for animals that are in what
stage of their cycle?
diestrus (day 5-17)
TERM 7
Why choose PGF?
DEFINITION 7
synch, treat silent estrus, treat uterine infection, treat cystic
ovaries, abort feedlot heifers, uterine contractions**requires
a prescription
TERM 8
Why choose progesterone?
DEFINITION 8
induce cycling, suppress GnRH, builds up progesterone so
when removed causes GnRH surge and ovulation**expensive
TERM 9
Why choose GnRH?
DEFINITION 9
synch ovulation, cause natural LH surge, may increase preg
rates when used with PGF, treat follicular cysts,**not labeled
for synchronization
TERM 10
Which hormone is the most expensive to
administer?
DEFINITION 10
progesterone
Which hormone can induce cyclity in
anestrous animals?
progesterone
TERM 17
Fertility is defined as:
DEFINITION 17
getting animals pregnant and maintaining the pregnancy
TERM 18
List the steps of the conceptus?
DEFINITION 18
2 cell --> 4 cell --> 8 cell --> morula --> blastocyst -->
hatching
TERM 19
When does maternal recognition
occur?
DEFINITION 19
day 15-
TERM 20
What type of cells are directly responsible for
maternal recognition?
DEFINITION 20
trophoblastic cells
What do trophoblastic cells secrete?
interferon tau (a cytochyme/protein)
TERM 22
the 8 cell embryo moves to the uterine horn
at day 4. At this point there is a hormonal
switch to __
DEFINITION 22
P
TERM 23
List steps of conceptus once in the uterine
horn:
DEFINITION 23
1. sperical2. elongation/trophoblastic growth3. filamentous
TERM 24
Which 2 species have early elongation? Which
species elongates after maternal recognition?
DEFINITION 24
cow and pig; horse
TERM 25
The sow and mare have more tactile
recognition. What does this mean?
DEFINITION 25
does not rely as much on hormones; relies more on cells
touching/the number of times
There are 3 methods of AI for small
ruminants. List them
1. intravaginal2. intracervical3. intrauterine
TERM 32
What form of AI must be performed by a
veterinarian?
DEFINITION 32
intrauterine
TERM 33
Frozen semen can be used in which type of
small ruminant AI?
DEFINITION 33
intrauterine
TERM 34
How is heat checking done for small
ruminants?
DEFINITION 34
introduce a male; females will pace or more close to ram
TERM 35
Small ruminant semen is thawed at what
temp for how long?
DEFINITION 35
95-96 degrees for 1 minute
T/F: CIDRs are often used in small ruminants
to synch
true
TERM 37
What tools did we use in lab for intracervical
insemination?
DEFINITION 37
speculum, biolight
TERM 38
In sows, maternal recognition occurs how
many days after ovulation?
DEFINITION 38
TERM 39
What is present in the uterus from day 13-
that is critical to the pre-implantation
embryo?
DEFINITION 39
small glycoproteins
TERM 40
PGF is produced in significant amounts in
swine during pregnancy, but is rerouted to
where for what purpose?
DEFINITION 40
uterine lumen; helps move embryos/distribute them via
uterine contractions (known as transuterine migration)
After fixation, the embryo becomes irregularly
shaped because of what in the horse?
increase in placental membrane formation
TERM 47
Unlike others species, which step in the
conceptus development is skipped by the
mare?
DEFINITION 47
elongation
TERM 48
In the mare, the endometrial cup forms under
the influence of what hormone?
DEFINITION 48
eCG
TERM 49
T/F: the CL is necessary for pregnancy
recognition and required for the duration of
pregnancy in all species
DEFINITION 49
false; it is required for recognition, but is not needed for
duration in all species
TERM 50
What is an overectomy?
DEFINITION 50
removal of the CL
List the placental types and which species has
each: (4)
1. cotyledonary: cow/sheep/goats2. discoid: human/mice3.
zonary: dog/cat4. diffuse: swine/horse
TERM 52
What is red bagging? What species does it
occur in?
DEFINITION 52
it is the premature separation of the outer placental
membrane that is caused by stress or infection. It occurs in
the horse.results in 5-10% of perinatal deathsWe wan to see
the white bag (allantoic) first rather than the choriallantois
(red bag)
TERM 53
There are 3 categories of pregnancy failure.
List them
DEFINITION 53
1. early embryonic death: prior to recognition (most
common)2. late: before final implantation3. fetal death:
following implantation (least common)
TERM 54
How might you tell which type of pregnancy
failure occurred?
DEFINITION 54
1. early: no change2. late: cycle extension3. fetal death:
observed loss of fetus
TERM 55
Pregnancy diagnosis can be performed at
what time in the cow and horse?
DEFINITION 55
cow: palpation at 28-35 days; US at 28horse: palpation at 20-
25 days; US at 14
What is the haplotype in Jerseys?
a genetic abnormality that affects fertility and can lead to
stillborn calves
TERM 62
Older dams may have a decrease in ___
quality which can lead to ___ abnormalities
DEFINITION 62
oocyte; chromosome
TERM 63
What is the lifespan of the oocyte?
sperm?
DEFINITION 63
12 hours48 hours
TERM 64
Sperm capacitation takes -
hours
DEFINITION 64
6-8 (maturation of sperm; necessary for them to be capable
of fertilization)
TERM 65
Avoid inseminating mares more than __ hours
after ovulation
DEFINITION 65
How is Dairy metrics a helpful tool?
it gives you the numbers based on state for repro and other
stats
TERM 67
Describe the difference between conception
rate and pregnancy rate:
DEFINITION 67
conception = pregnant/number bredpregnancy =
pregnant/total animals on farm
TERM 68
What inconsistencies does UGA have?
DEFINITION 68
messing up shots, tech problems, lack of accurate record
keeping
TERM 69
If an animal is inseminated 3+ times without
conceiving, she is considered ____
DEFINITION 69
subfertile (she is cycling, but may have some issues)
TERM 70
Anestrus is when an animal is:
DEFINITION 70
not cycling
Follicular cysts are ___ walled and produce
___. Are caused by an LH or receptor
deficiency
thin; estrogen
TERM 77
Are follicular cysts treatable? If so, how would
you treat?
DEFINITION 77
yes, give GnRH if LH is absent; use CIDR , manually remove
TERM 78
How does a CIDR help follicular
cysts?
DEFINITION 78
it tricks the system into thinking that it is not controlled by
the follicle/estrogen
TERM 79
Describe a leutenized follicle:
DEFINITION 79
luteal tissue forms around the thin walled follicle even
though ovulation didn't occur; the LH surge occurs and the
cells lutenize before ovulation
TERM 80
If an animal has a leutenized follicle, how
does that affect her cycle?
DEFINITION 80
she skips pro-estrus and estrus and goes from di to met
estrus; she will go through long periods of anestrus
Describe nymphomania:
when an animal comes into heat every 3-10 days; occurs in
animals with follicular cysts
TERM 82
A luteal cyst differs from a lutenized follicle:
DEFINITION 82
a cyst has low progesterone; may have erratic estrus or
anestrus while a lutenized follicle will definitely be in
anestrus
TERM 83
Luteal cysts and leutenized follicles are
treated the same way with ___
DEFINITION 83
GnRH and PGF
TERM 84
What causes a cystic CL?
DEFINITION 84
a normal CL formed and trapped follicular fluid
TERM 85
Is some fluid in a follicle normal?
DEFINITION 85
yes, 7-8 mm in a 25 mm follicle is normal; too much fluid
however leads to embryonic mortality bc the animal is not
producing enough progesterone
Superovulation protocols vary, but a general
protocol is:
1. CIDR2. GnRH to force ovulation and start animal at day 03.
FSH to overcome inhibin and allow many follicles to reach
dominance; administered in a step down pattern, usually
with 8 shots4. 2 injections of PGF; remove CIDR (allows
follicles to grow)5. breed at observed heat, 12 hrs later, 12
hrs later
TERM 92
The breed date should be __ days before the
flush
DEFINITION 92
TERM 93
The age of the embryo matters; we want to
use one that is ___ age
DEFINITION 93
6.5-7.5 days old (blastocyst or expanded blastocyst)
TERM 94
Embryos are evaluated for stage and grade.
What does each mean?
DEFINITION 94
stage = agegrade = quality (1-2 are useable, 1 is best and is
capable of being frozen)
TERM 95
T/F: heifers are usually more successful
candidates for ET
DEFINITION 95
false: cows are more successfulET calves are usually larger,
so we want to avoid putting them in heifers
List some of the ET tools:
foley catheter, stilette, foreceps, lidacaine epidural, y tubing,
ET gun
TERM 97
2 types of ET flush:
DEFINITION 97
gravity or syringe; Bohlen prefers fluid bc she knows exactly
how much fluid she put in and should get out
TERM 98
Should flush ___ ml of fluid before trying to
reclaim
DEFINITION 98
TERM 99
T/F: freezing embryos is just like freezing
sperm
DEFINITION 99
false; require a gradual step down in temperature
TERM 100
Where is the epidural administered?
DEFINITION 100
between the coccygeal (caudal) and lumbar vertebrae
