Download Exam 2, part 1 | MI 101 - Understanding Media and more Quizzes Communication in PDF only on Docsity!
Pictograph
Written form makeup paintings on rock or cave walls. Characteristic of early homids.(icons) TERM 2
Ideograph
DEFINITION 2 An abstract Symbol that stands fro a word or phase(Chinese Symbols)*most common TERM 3
Phonography
DEFINITION 3 A system of writing where symbols stand for spoken sounds (Latin or Pitman shorthand) TERM 4
Alphabets
DEFINITION 4 A system of writing where symbols (Letters) represent individual sounds*Most common TERM 5
Why did Writing develop?
DEFINITION 5 Development of agriculturesettlement of villages- Consequences> Development of status differences (people no longer doing agriculture)>Taxes (Keeping track of taxes being collected/paid)>Bread and beer rations
Papyrus
an early form of paper made from papyrus reed developed by Egyptians around 3100 BC TERM 7
Parchment
DEFINITION 7 an early form of paper made from the skin of GOATS or SHEEP TERM 8
Paper
DEFINITION 8 A writing material made from cotton rags or wood pulp. Invented by the chinese between 240 BC and 105 BC- March 11, 105 AD: Ts'ai Lun demonstrated his process for making paper TERM 9
Manuscript Writing
DEFINITION 9 Monks & Religious ordersScriptorium-6th century> Special places for doing it b/c sheepskin could get moldy in certain conditions>Art form>Long costly process>Error Prone TERM 10
Social Media in the time of Scribes
DEFINITION 10
- Greek and roman period> wrote on tablets, and people would respond on same tablet-Graffiti- Letter writing & Sharing of letters- "Acta diurnal populi Romani" - First proto newspaper (?)- public readings
Why did Printing develop?
- Technologies had existed for some time- No call for mass production-Prior to Gutenberg> Increase demand for manuscripts> Increased number of individuals owning manuscriptsWhat set the stage?Emegergecnce of the mercantile capitalism from feudalismIncrease in bureacracyReformation TERM 17
Steam powered rotary
press
DEFINITION 17
- Hand press = approx 350 pgs/day- 16,000 sections (not pages))- Nov 28, 1814 - the times (London) 1st printd using a steam powered rotary press- allowed creation of penny press and serial & dime novels TERM 18
Effects of printing on culture
DEFINITION 18 Mass production- Initially Limited- Gradually developed an increasingly free press- Limits of literacy- more egalitarian society- The range of a book is high = extended networks = diversify practices- persistence is high = allowed history- standarization of knowledge TERM 19
Publishers
DEFINITION 19 Companies that buy manuscripts, turn them into books and market them.- Trade books and mass paperbacks- University & small presses- Vanity presses or self-published books- Government publishing office TERM 20
E-books and their impact/Growth
DEFINITION 20 -Only account for 1% of sales in 2008--> 3% in 2009, 8.5% in 2010July 2010 - Amazon sold more ebooks than hard booksEbook sales worldwise as a percentage of total book sales- 12.3% in 2013- 25.8% in 2018
Google Book
formerly google book searchGoal - digitize the great libraries (>25 m books in 2015)Make Millions of out-of-print books availableIssues- copyrighted books and piracy- google monopoly?language imperialismgovernents putting pressure on google over what to include/what not to include TERM 22
Fan Fiction
DEFINITION 22 Fiction about established stories that are written by fans TERM 23
Difficulties for early magazines in the
US
DEFINITION 23
- Limited population ~1 million- Bad roads ---> hard to transport the magazines great distances- poor mail system- Authorsnot paidnot a lot of authors willing to write for freea lot of content was plagiarized from magazines and news papers in europe. TERM 24
Saturday Evening Post
DEFINITION 24
- Aug 4, 1821-Considered first national magazineGeneral content: current events, human interest stories, original short stories, poems, serials TERM 25
Why did magazines grow in the 19th
century?
DEFINITION 25 -Cost to print decreased (Steam-powered rotary press started in 1814)- increased literacy in the US
The crisis
NAACP magazineNovember 1910Circulation of 100,00 in 1920Strong attacks on lynching TERM 32
Muckrackers
DEFINITION 32 magazines & newspapers that focused heavily on politcal issues and political reform.- 1890's thy emerge due to price dropping and photojournalism Issues they focused on:standard oil and other monopoliesconcentration of wealthworkers' issuessafe food & drugsCorruption in congressEnvironmental issues TERM 33
Muckrackers legacy
DEFINITION 33 period lasted approximately 9 years- over 2,000 articles were publishedLegacies:investigative reportingset stage for political magazines such as- The nation-The new republic TERM 34
Henry Luce
DEFINITION 34 Founder of TIME magazineDeceliped timestyle (the way articles were written in Time magazine)Started:Saturday review literatureTideFortuneArchitectual FormLife TERM 35
Consumer
magazines
DEFINITION 35 Targeting an audience of like-minded conumers~7, consumers magazines were published in 2008Revenue sources for these magazines:- subscriptions, ads, newsstand sales
Trade Magazines
published for people who work in a particular industry or business- Agricultural Museum (1810) is often considered first trade magazine- There are 2x more trade magazines than consumer magazines-controlled circulation - often you have to be a member of an organization to get these magazines TERM 37
Seven Sisters
DEFINITION 37 The top women's magazines also called service magazines. TERM 38
Characteristics of successful
magazines
DEFINITION 38 Building a relationship w/ an audienceproviding uique informationadapting to social changesadvertising support shaping public discourse by defining major issues TERM 39
Curanto
DEFINITION 39 Precursor to the newspaperSingle broadsheetprinteddatedappeared at regular intervalswere published frequentlyincluded a variety of news items TERM 40
Amsterdam and early newspapers
DEFINITION 40 17th CLess restrictions by the governmentcommercialization of the newsPublished in dutch, latin, english & frenchpublished 1,3, or 5 times a weekfirst one published in english in 1618 by Pieter van de Keere
Black Press**
Freedom's JournalGoal: counter racist newspapers in NYCSupport the black community in NYCNorth Star & Fredrick Douglas1847- TERM 47
Eadweard Muybridge
DEFINITION 47 Hired to settle a $25,000 bet12 cameras evenly spaced around a racetrack (1877) TERM 48
Kinetoscope
DEFINITION 48 p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica} Edison first described in 1888 Developed by william Kennedy-Laurie Dickson between 1889 & 1892 TERM 49
Nickelodeons
DEFINITION 49 Pay a nickel to watch TERM 50
Auguste-Marie & Louis Jean
Lumiere
DEFINITION 50 Developed portable movie camera and projector
Two problems for the development of TV
What would display the imageHow to project the image TERM 52
Nipkow Spinning Disk
DEFINITION 52 German Engineer Paul Nipkow pattenedUsed to "scan"? TERM 53
John L Baird
DEFINITION 53 Scottish InventorElectromechanical system using the nipkow disk TERM 54
Philo Farnsworth
DEFINITION 54 Realized Early that needed an electronic systemsuccessfully transmitted varioud graphic designsaug 1930 - received a patentdeveloped a better device for the transmission of the imagefederal radio commission gave him a license for a broadcast station (W3XE)court decided he invented the television TERM 55
Vladmir Kosmo Zworykin
DEFINITION 55 Trained my rosingearly work at westinghousedeveloped first electronic television camera tube in 19231926 - developed the kinescope - a cathode-ray tubeworked w/ sarnoff at RCAestimated costs to create TV - 100kactual cost? ~50 mil
Quiz Show Scandals
li.li1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica} ul.ul1 {list-style- type: none} $64,000 question (CBS) in June 1955 This and Reality TV are cheap to produce Low cost, makes it valuable li.li1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica} ul.ul1 {list- style-type: none} Others Followed: The Big surprise High Finance Twenty-one Ditto Huge revenues for these shows Began selling commercials as opposed to sponsorships TERM 62
First TV News & its
impact
DEFINITION 62 li.li1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica} ul.ul1 {list-style-type: none} First news special was pearl harbor First continuous news (NBC) Camel Newsreel Theater Feb 16, 1948 Meet the Press - NBC Nov. 20, 1947 TERM 63
Murrow &
McCarthy
DEFINITION 63 Joseph R. McCarthy & the red scare- Feb 1950 - Lincoln Day SpeechClaimed to have list of 205 known subversives working in the state department-See it Now on Octover 23, 1953 - the case of Lt. Milo RadulovichAir force officer --> discharged --> father and sister active in United auto workers- 5 weeks later the air force announced retention of LT RadulovichMarch 9, 1954 - see it now examined McCarthy TERM 64
Color TV and the FCC
DEFINITION 64 1928 - color tv was demonstrated by BairedBell labs demonstrated in 1929FCC approved CBS's system in 1950First color broad cast - June 19511953 - FCC allowed color sets to be produced but switched to RCA's system over CBS TERM 65
Least Objectionable Programming
(LOP)
DEFINITION 65 Viewers will watch whatever is placed before them.Monopoly of the big 3 reemergence of comedy-Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres
All in the Family
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica} Repponse to LOP Norman Lears satirical comedy Jan 12, 1971 After just 13 Emmy, won 3 Emmys #1 for next 5 seasons Took on controversial issues - unlike shows in the 60s TERM 67
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 & its
goal
DEFINITION 67 Limit programming from the Big 3Help independentsCongress finances public broadcasting TERM 68
Community Antenna Television
(CATV)
DEFINITION 68 Early form of cable used to distribute broadcast channels1948750+ systems by the 1960s TERM 69
Direct Broadcast
satellites
DEFINITION 69 2008 ~ 24% of households in the US had thisMore popular in Eaurope TERM 70
HBO
DEFINITION 70 Started earlier (1972) w/ underground cable in manhattan
