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exam 2 - final review - psych 259, Cheat Sheet of Psychology

Carleton UniversityPsychology

Abnormal = Ptsd , OCD , BDD GATING

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2023/2024

Uploaded on 12/09/2023

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Study Guide: Exam II—PSYCH 259 -- Fall 2023
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder - A disorder in which the individual experiences acute but time-limited
episodes of depressive symptoms.
Major mood states in the mood disorders – Dysphoria (elevated sad mood) and Euphoria (more
cheerful and elated than average)
What is dysphoria—p. 168 – An unusually elevated sad mood.
Duration of symptoms – at least 2 weeks
Gender differences in symptoms – Men (angry, irritate) and Women (Sadness)
Sleep disruption – Chronic Insomnia is most common.
Ultimate cause of bipolar disorder – genetic condition – imbalance in neurotransmitter.
Symptoms in preadolescent children-
- Infancy – Failure to bond
- Early childhood – aggression
- Middle childhood – Somatic complaints
- Adolescence – Excess sleeping, drug/Alcohol use, Self-harm
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Changes in mood, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety that occur during the premenstrual phase of the
monthly menstrual cycle and subside after the menstrual period begins for most of the cycles of the
preceding year.
Symptoms -
- Depression mood
- Anxiety, tension, feeling keyed up
- Affective lability
- Anger or irritability
- insomnia
- lack of energy, fatigue,
- difficulty in focusing.
Status in DSM 5
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder – instead of diagnosing depression in children one would
diagnose this. A depressive disorder in children who exhibit chronic and severe irritability and have
frequent temper outbursts. Requires 5 out of 11 symptoms. Lots of temper tantrums; severe and
uncontrollable; usually before age of 10
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Study Guide: Exam II—PSYCH 259 -- Fall 2023 Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder - A disorder in which the individual experiences acute but time-limited episodes of depressive symptoms. Major mood states in the mood disorders – Dysphoria (elevated sad mood) and Euphoria (more cheerful and elated than average) What is dysphoria—p. 168 – An unusually elevated sad mood. Duration of symptoms – at least 2 weeks Gender differences in symptoms – Men (angry, irritate) and Women (Sadness) Sleep disruption – Chronic Insomnia is most common. Ultimate cause of bipolar disorder – genetic condition – imbalance in neurotransmitter. Symptoms in preadolescent children-

  • Infancy – Failure to bond
  • Early childhood – aggression
  • Middle childhood – Somatic complaints
  • Adolescence – Excess sleeping, drug/Alcohol use, Self-harm Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
  • Changes in mood, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety that occur during the premenstrual phase of the monthly menstrual cycle and subside after the menstrual period begins for most of the cycles of the preceding year. Symptoms -
  • Depression mood
  • Anxiety, tension, feeling keyed up
  • Affective lability
  • Anger or irritability
  • insomnia
  • lack of energy, fatigue,
  • difficulty in focusing. Status in DSM 5 Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder – instead of diagnosing depression in children one would diagnose this. A depressive disorder in children who exhibit chronic and severe irritability and have frequent temper outbursts. Requires 5 out of 11 symptoms. Lots of temper tantrums; severe and uncontrollable; usually before age of 10

o instead of diagnosing depression in children one would diagnose this. A depressive disorder in children who exhibit chronic and severe irritability and have frequent temper outbursts. Bereavement vs Major Depressive Disorder -

  • Bereaved patients are not suicidal
  • Bereaved patients do not typically see themselves are worthless
  • Bereaved patients typically exhibit more variability in mood. Causes of Major depressive disorder -
  • Biological – Neurotransmitters imbalance (Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine), Part of brain not working that is responsible for Mood, Thinking, sleep, appetite. - Psychodynamics- suffered early loss in their lives. - Behavioral- happens because of lack of positive reinforcement. People withdraw from their lives because they don’t have any incentive from it. - Cognitive – negative view of self, the world and future. - Socio-cultural – external life circumstances such as sexual victimizations, chronic stress such as poverty, single parenting or job loss. Psychoanalytic theory— Lost loved one early in their live, depression happens because of mourning, guilt. – CAUSE TO MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISRODER. Bowlby’s triad – attachment theory - people with an insecure attachment style have a greater risk for developing depressive disorder in adulthood. Attachment style and depression— attachment theory - people with an insecure attachment style have a greater risk for developing depressive disorder in adulthood. How they see their caregivers.

Gender Differences in response to antidepressant medication - WOMEN - more effective when Estrogen Present. Younger women respond better than post- menopausal females to antidepressant meds. MEN – men don’t respond as well to meds as women do, May do better with meds that target norepinephrine. Adjunctive medication – Rexulti acts on both dopamine and serotonin. Abilify – used to increase effectiveness of SSRIs. Education of patients and family so patient can take meds on time. – Best Therapy. – used in addition to primary one. Psychotherapy of choice – Cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal. Behavioral Activation – Behavioral therapy for depression in which the clinician helps the client identify activities associated with positive mood. Underlying assumption of cognitive therapy – depression is due to distorted/dysfunctional thoughts. Techniques of cognitive therapy— CBT also focuses on the client’s dysfunctional thoughts and how to modify them through cognitive restructuring. Mindfulness training, as an additional component of cognitive-behavioral intervention, can help clients develop a greater sense of self-efficacy, an added boost to its positive effects on mood. Prime focus Is on present and now not on past factors. TM Interpersonal Psychotherapy—key assumptions – people who cannot take antidepressant meds can go for this. Focuses on the idea that a person’s depression comes from stress from relationships; stress can lead to appearance of this disorder in those who are biologically predisposed towards it TMRS therapy for Major Depressive Disorder- uses magnetic pulse to stimulate brain cells that control mood. Pulses focused on limbic structures causing neurons to become active. Used for moderate depression. Vagal stimulation – used for severe Major depressive disorder. Electrode in Video from class—Edward’s cognitive distortions - Overgeneralization / catostrophization. Time required for antidepressants to be associated with mood improvement— 2 to 6 weeks. Treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder Mechanism of action of first generation (Tricyclic) antidepressant medication— inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Neurotransmitter reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back up into the neurons after they have been released into the synapse (the gap between two neurons). By blocking this reuptake, TCAs increase the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the synapse. By increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft, TCAs help

improve communication between neurons. – Act on both Serotonin and enephineprine – Same effective but less side effects. “File drawer problem”— the fact that investigators are likely to file away, and not even submit for publication, studies that fail to establish significant benefits. Dysthymic Disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder) - Chronic but less severe mood disturbance in which the individual does not experience a major depressive episode. SAD (seasonal affective disorder)- happens particular time of year – for lasting more than 2 years. Dysthymic disorder vs. Major Depressive Disorder—difference - Persistent Depressive Disorder

  • (Dysthymic): Characterized by chronic and relatively continual depressed mood that does not meet the criteria for major depression. Double in females. 75 percent develop MDD.
  • Pessimism, guilt, loss of interest, poor appetite or overeating, low self-esteem, chronic fatigue, social withdrawal, concentration difficulties Symptom picture—Persistent Depressive Disorder – 1 year in kids and 2 years in adult. Double Depression – Persistent depressive disorder with Major depressive disorder with high suicidal rates. Pattern and type of Seasonal Affective Disorder Symptoms – Happens in fall and winter when there is less natural sunlight also, result in change in weight and sleep.

Bipolar Disorder

Former label for bipolar disorder— Manic depressive

Bipolar - Mental illness that causes shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and

concentration.

hypothyroidism— an underactive thyroid can cause symptoms of depression and bipolar.

Difficulties in diagnosing mania in children Events that can trigger manic episode - Distorted sleep schedule; stressful or conflictive family life Which mood disorder has greatest heritability? – Bipolar Disorder Two factor theory of neurotransmitters - if you have MDD you have low levels of both neurotransmitter , if you have bipolar low serotonin and high norepinephrine. Bipolar Disorder and creativity – Many artists create best work in manic episodes (usually hypomanic)

Current Medications - Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Valproate (Depakote), Quetiapine, Olanzapine,

Abilify

Effective “talk” therapy for bipolar— Regular talk therapy isn’t successful for bipolar; instead use

adjunctive therapy or teaching therapy (I forget actual name here) in conjunction with

medication. – PSYCHO EDUCATIONAL.

Suicide North America and Europe—percentage of individuals who kill themselves that have a diagnosable mental health problem— 90 %

Publicizing Celebrity Suicides and Suicide Rates - Public talk of suicide can lead to more suicides,

especially if the person who committed suicide is respected/known/well-loved.

Parasuicide – Attempt for suicide – as seen as call for help. Most common method of effected (completed) suicide – Firearms. Most common method of attempted suicide – Drug Overdose or Poisoning.

Altruistic Suicide - The sacrifice of one’s life to save or benefit others, for the good of the group,

or to preserve the traditions and honor the society. Suicide for Social Cause.

Ethnicity with highest suicide rates in early adulthood – Whites and Native Americans Characteristics of persons effecting suicide—

- People with high resilience against suicide include those with ability to make positive

assessments of one’s life and feel in control over life circumstances; other buffers = high self-

esteem, being able to solve problems, support through relationships, secure attachment; don’t

believe suicide is an option at all

- Lower resilience = high levels of perfectionism and hopelessness

- Risk factors: family members who committed suicide.

Alcohol use and suicide— Alcohol use leads to 90% increase in Suicide. Legality and Prevalence of Physician Assisted Suicide – Oregon USA and High percentage is due to physician assisted suicide.

Written Questions

I. Compare Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder with respect to the following:

 Major Depressive Disorder

- Age of onset is lowering, often starts at puberty.

- 70 % more women tend to have it, in comparison to men

- MDD requires one of two symptoms (out of 5 total )

- Depressive mood (Dysphoria) or no enjoyment (Anhedonia)

- Fatigue / Low energy

- feeling of guilt , Worthlessness

- thoughts of suicide

- problem with concentration

- weight gain

- For diagnosis – symptoms must cause impairment / distress in daily life and not be caused

by some other biological issue.

- Causes -

- Biological – Caused by imbalance in Serotonin and Low epinephrine

- Psychological – Stressful situation may cause onset of Episode /

- Behavioral – Depression is caused by Learned Behaviors

- Treatment – Medication (Zoloft, Prozac, Paxil) ; Talk Therapy(found as effective as

medication after 10-12 Sessions) , Cognitive Therapy.

 Bipolar Disorder -

- Age of onset is roughly 25 , equal development in both genders.