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EVALUATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
PAVER BLOCKS USING EGGSHELL POWDER AND
GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH AS A PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT
A RESEARCH STUDY
The Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering and Architecture University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines Cagayan de Oro City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in the Degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering ANTENOR, SARAH MICHELLE D. BALAIROS, RHOZE PHILIP DUMAGPI, ROMEL Y. MANALIGOD, KIMBERLY CRIST U. MAYUMAN, JARHA MAE N. MULATO, SHERRY DONNE PIQUERO, MAVIE MAE P. APRIL 2024
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. ii
- 1.1 Background of the Study 1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objectives of the Study
- 1.4 Conceptual Framework
- 1.5 Scope and Limitations.......................................................................................
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Operational Definitions of Terms
- 2.1 Groundnut Shell Ash as Partial Cement Replacement 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- 2.2 Eggshell Powder as Partial Cement Replacement
- 2.3 Utilization of Waste Groundnut Shell
- 2.4 Utilization of Waste Eggshell Powder
- 2.5 Effect of Cement to the Environment
- 2.6 Advantages of Concrete Paver Blocks
- 3 REFERENCES
- 3.1 Research Flow 4 METHODOLOGY
- 3.2 Collection of Materials
- 3.3 Testing of Aggregates......................................................................................
- 3.4 Preparing for Eggshell and Groundnut Shell
- 3.5 Drying of GSA and ESP
- 3.6 Burning of Groundnut Shell and Powdering of Eggshell
- 3.7 Testing of GSA and ESP
- 3.8 Concrete Sample Making
- 3.9 Curing of the Concrete Paver Blocks Samples
- 3.10 Compressive Strength Test............................................................................
- 3.11 Statistical Analysis
Cement is a hydraulic binding agent comprising finely ground inorganic materials that is combined with water, create a paste capable of setting and solidifying through various exothermic hydration reactions and processes, effectively binding solid particles to create a cohesive solid structure (Lavagna et al., 2022). Mishra et al. (2014) state that cement is a crucial material for construction essential for infrastructure development because of its incredible bonding properties in creating strong road networks, durable bridges, towering skyscrapers, and safe homes. Cement industry plays a major role in improving living standards all over the world by creating multiple cascading economic benefits to associated industries such as being affordable and energy efficient (Devi et al., 2017). Groundnut shell ash is one of the potential agricultural wastes that can be used to partially replace cement. An experimental investigation of Lakshmi and Sagar (2017) evaluates the concrete strength by replacing cement with groundnut shell ash in cubes, cylinders, and prisms. It was stated that the groundnut shell contains calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide. Mahmoud et al. (2012) state that the groundnut shell ash can be used as a partial replacement of cement in making concrete materials to achieve a satisfactory compressive strength at about 20 percent of the binder quantity. Utilization of groundnut shell ash in reinforced concrete for civil engineering applications is highly suitable as it enhances the resistance to cracking, fatigue, abrasion, impact, and overall durability compared to traditional reinforced concrete. This improvement is achieved by incorporating varying volumes (5%, 10%, 15%) of groundnut shell ash (Guldeokar et al., 2023).
An eggshell is the hard exterior covering of an egg which is one type of agricultural waste that could be used to partially replace cement due to its high calcium content. It is an agricultural waste material which can likely cause environmental pollution if not utilized and handled properly (Kausar et al., 2021). Paruthi et al. (2023) evaluates that the eggshells are impermeable in nature, so it helps in reducing the permeability of concrete. Eggshell powder fastens the process of hydration of cement by the formation of mono-carboaluminate during the mixing of material at the time of casting. Tan et al. (2018) state that the different proportions of eggshell powder specifically 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in terms of volume, improved reaching up with 51.1% and 57.8% in flexural and compressive strength correspondingly. Arif et al. (2021) investigates the best possible use of eggshell greasepaint as a relief for cement high strength concrete and the study is consistent concerning with plasticity, rebound hammer test, and compressive strength. This paper attempts to evaluate the potential of the groundnut shell ash and eggshell powder as a partial replacement in cement. This is essential to assess its suitability and make use of it, to create concrete material that is significantly improved. This study aims to enhance concrete by making a paver block material that can potentially help the construction industry in the future. 1.2 Statement of the Problem This paper attempts to evaluate the potential application of eggshell powder (ESP) and groundnut shell ash (GSA) as cement replacement in paver blocks. This is essential to utilize the waste product as concrete materials. Application of agricultural
replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% eggshell powder and a constant 5% of groundnut shell ash. 1.4 Conceptual Framework Figure 1.1 illustrates the input, process, and output of the study to assess the compression strength of the concrete paver blocks by incorporating groundnut shell ash and eggshell powder as partial substitutes to cement. The input parameters of the study include the paver block samples with and without groundnut shell ash and eggshell powder. It also includes the paver block concrete mixture with 100% use of aggregates, and the cement is replaced partially with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% eggshell powder and a constant 5% of groundnut shell ash. The process section displays the laboratory testing of the groundnut shell ash, eggshell powder, and paver block samples. The physical tests for groundnut shell ash and eggshell powder consist of fineness, specific gravity, density, water absorption, and moisture content tests. For chemical tests, the researchers will use loss of ignition (LOI), silicon oxide, calcium oxide, and aluminum oxide, and for the physical tests of aggregates we have fineness modulus, specific gravity, unit weight, rodded density, and specific gravity tests. It also includes statistical analysis using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The expected output of the study is to classify the chemical and physical properties of groundnut shell ash (GSA) and eggshell powder (ESP), the physical properties of aggregates, and the compressive strength values of the paver blocks at the end of the set curing period with their statistical results.
INPUT PROCESS
The physical properties and chemical properties of eggshell powder and groundnut shell ash. The compressive strengths of paver block concrete mixtures with 5% constant of groundnut shell and varying percentage of eggshell powder as partial replacement for cement. The physical properties of coarse and fine aggregates. Statistical Results Laboratory Testing Physical and Chemical Properties of GSA
- Fineness Test
- Specific Gravity
- Density
- Water Absorption
- Moisture Content
- LOI
- Silicon Oxide
- Aluminum Oxide
- Calcium Oxide Physical and Chemical Properties of ESP
- Fineness Test
- Specific gravity
- Density
- Water Absorption Test
- Silicon Oxide
- Calcium Oxide
- Aluminum Oxide Paver Blocks
- Slump Test
- Compression Test Physical Properties of Aggregates Fine
- Fineness Modulus
- Unit Weight
- Specific Gravity
- Grain Size Analysis Coarse
- Rodded Density
- Specific Gravity
- Unit Weight
- Grain Size Analysis Statistical Analysis
- One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Materials
- Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)
- Eggshell Powder (ESP)
- Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) – Type 1
- Aggregates
- Water Mixture
- 0% GSA + 0% ESP + 100% OPC
- 5 % GSA + 0% ESP + 100% OPC
- 5% GSA + 5% ESP + 90% OPC
- 5% GSA + 10% ESP + 85 % OPC
- 5% GSA + 15% ESP + 80% OPC
OUTPUT
Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework Diagram
paver block production. Also, information about the properties of building materials, especially concrete paver blocks, can make engineering work more convenient. By this means, recycling waste products and turning them into new construction materials would benefit both the environment and the economy. Furthermore, this research will add additional literature to the existing investigations on GSA and ESP as cement replacements that are being utilized as construction materials on paver blocks. This study will give other researchers in the future a broader view of the use of ESP and GSA in the construction industry. Finally, it will give an evaluation of the compressive strength for paver blocks with the powder of eggshell and groundnut shell ash as partial cement replacement. 1.7 Operational Definitions of Terms For clarification, the following terms are operationally defined as they used in this study. Aggregate – are 10mm coarse aggregate and fine sand that can be bought at Cagayan de Oro hardware. These aggregates give volume, stability, and other physical properties to the paver block. Agricultural Waste – like eggshell powder and groundnut shell ash are agricultural waste materials that are not needed by the agriculture industry. ASTM 316 – the sample is dried to a constant bulk at 1105°C before evaluation. Sieving is the process of sorting components using aperture-sized sieves or mechanical equipment. To prevent sieve overload, use aperture-size sieves, split samples, and larger
frames. Mechanical splitting reduces fractions finer than a 4.75-mm sieve. Particles larger than 75mm are hand sieved to determine the smallest aperture for passage. Mass is determined using a standard-compliant scale or balance, with results near the original sample mass. ASTM C316 (Sieve Analysis) – the fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, eggshell powder, groundnut shell ash, and even the cement must undergo sieve analysis to separate the small particles from bigger particles according to their sieve number. Compressive Strength – is determined by shattering cylindrical concrete samples within a compression testing apparatus. Megapascals (MPa) is a unit of measurement for compressive strength that is calculated by dividing the failure load by the cross- sectional area that is resisting the load. Compressive Strength Test – is a standardized procedure used to determine maximum load bearing capacity under axial compression of a concrete. Co Processing – By the waste of egg and groundnut through its shell, we can process a material that can create a new product, which is by elaborating the components of the said waste, it has the similarities of the cement which is capable also to substitute. Curing – the sample paver block must undergo curing to maintain its satisfactory temperature and moisture condition for 7, 14, and 28 days. Eggshell Powder – a material that can be used to replace cement because of its components that are similarly to cement.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents related studies on groundnut shell ash and eggshell powder for partial cement replacement. 2.1 Groundnut Shell Ash as Partial Cement Replacement Krishnan and Nizar (2016) conducted an experimental study to evaluate the concrete strength by varying the replacement of cement ranging with 0% to 10% of groundnut shell ash. They have arrived at a significant finding replacing groundnut shell ash in M20 concrete to various replacement percentages ranging from 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12%, and 15% were considered, with normal concrete exhibiting a compressive strength of 29.02 N/mm². In contrast, groundnut shell ash (GSA) replacements at 2.5% yielded a compressive strength of 30.14 N/mm², while replacements at 5% and 7.5% resulted in compressive strengths of 29.5 N/mm² and 29.00 N/mm², respectively. According to the study of Guldeokar et al. (2023), groundnut shell ash (GSA) significantly lowers the expenses associated with construction and eliminates environmental hazards caused by such waste. The compressive strength test was conducted with different percentages of GSA (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) of weight. The test revealed that the compressive strength for normal concrete strength measures 29. N/mm^2 , whereas with 10% of groundnut shell ash inclusion, it increases to 30. N/mm^2. This enhancement allows for a substantial reduction in construction costs
without compromising quality significantly, thereby addressing environmental concerns effectively. An experimental investigation of Lakshmi and Sagar (2017) aimed to assess the concrete strength by replacing cement with groundnut shell ash in cubes, cylinders, and prisms. It was stated that the groundnut shell contains silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), and calcium oxide (CaO). Various replacement percentages ranging from 0% to 30% at 5% intervals were tested to evaluate the effects on the mechanical properties of the concrete specimens. The concrete was batched by weight using a ratio of 1:2:4 with a water-cement ratio of 0.6. Concrete cubes measuring 150 mm x 150mm x 150 mm, cylinders with dimensions of 150 mm x 300mm, and prisms measuring 100 x 150 mm were employed in the study. The study revealed a notable enhancement in the compressive strength of concrete with the replacement of cement by up to 10% with groundnut shell ash by weight. Abro et al. (2021) aimed to explore the impact of groundnut shell ash as a substitute for cement in the compressive strength and workability of concrete. A range of concrete blends were formulated, comprising a standard combination of the ordinary Portland concrete and its five variations of altered concrete. These mixes involved replacing cement with groundnut shell ash in percentages ranging from 3% to 15% by weight of cement. These mixes were formulated through binding ratio of 1:2:4 and a 0.5 water-to-cement ratio. The study revealed that the highest compressive strength at 6% ratio of groundnut shell ash is 36.89 MPa.
days of curing, the 10% GSA resulted in a greater compressive strength at around 20MPA compared to the rest of the mixtures except for the control mix which has a result of around 28 MPa. After 56 days of curing, the 10% GSA once again resulted in a greater compressive strength compared to the other mixtures but this time having similar results to the control mix of around 28 MPa. They concluded that cement mixed with 10% GSA replacement level will perform better and would be acceptable and be considered as a good development for construction of masonry walls and mass foundations. 2.2 Eggshell Powder as Partial Cement Replacement The optimal application of eggshells greasepaint for cement concrete with outstanding strength is evaluated by Arif et al. (2021). In addition, their plasticity, compressive strength, rebound hammer test, and ultrasonic palpitation test all align with the study. The mix ratios of 0%, 10%, and 15% of ESP were investigated. Furthermore, the results reveal that when the probability of eggshell relief increases, fresh concrete becomes more rigid. Similarly, after 28 days, 10% eggshell samples had the maximum compressive strength of 68.4 MPa. The properties of mortar composed of cement were examined by Chong et al. (2020) using fine powdered eggshells as a partial cement substitute. Type-N mortar was produced with a sand, cement, and water ratio 1:2.75:0.60 and percentages for cement replacement evaluated were 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% in terms of cement weight. The test of flow table was used to evaluate fresh characteristics of mortar, as well as compression and flexural tests were used to determine its mechanical qualities.
Eggshell mortar's acid resistance and water absorption were also examined. The outcomes showed that eggshell mortar has a flow consistency that is comparable to the control that 5% of eggshell produces mortar with an optimal compression and flexural strength, and that mortar of eggshell has a lower absorption of water rate than control mortar. The cement replacement percentages evaluated were 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% in terms of cement weight. The fresh characteristics of mortar were evaluated using a flow table test, yet the mechanical qualities were determined using compression and flexural tests. Acid resistance and water absorption in eggshell mortar were investigated. Thus, eggshell mortar has a comparable flow consistency to the control. A 5% eggshell produces mortar with optimal flexural and compression strength, and eggshell mortar has reduced water absorption than control mortar. Based on the study of Tan et al. ( 2017 ), oven-dried eggshell powder can partially substitute cement in concrete building when it cures in both water and air. Various amounts of eggshell powder specifically, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume were utilized in place of ordinary Portland cement. The results showed that the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete were greatly enhanced by water-cured eggshell concrete by up to 51.1% and 57.8%, respectively. Eggshell powder filled in the gaps in the concrete, making it more impermeable and reducing the rate of water absorption by around 50%. Balakumar et al. (2018) evaluate the most efficient way of using eggshell powder from the egg production sector as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. In amounts of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight of cement, eggshell powder
Kumar (2016) studied the potential of eggshells as partial replacement with cement concrete to mitigate environment problems caused by agricultural wastes. The study used 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% eggshell partial replacement compared to OPC. The results found out that the compressive strength of the concrete with 5% and 10% eggshell powder increased as compared to the control mix with both mixtures having similar results of around 32 MPa. Any further mixture above 10% will cause the compressive strength of the concrete to decrease compared to the control mix. 2.3 Utilization of Waste Groundnut Shell Sathiparan et al. (2023) investigates the application of groundnut shell and its by-products in diverse construction scenarios, including replacing cement in concrete and mortar, soil stabilization, pavement construction, brickmaking, as a precursor for alkali-activated binders, and as a fine aggregate in masonry blocks. The research examines the physical properties and chemical composition of groundnut shell ash, emphasizing the environmental benefits of integrating these derivatives as alternatives to traditional cement and aggregates. While certain aspects like the microstructural and mineralogical analysis of groundnut shell ash in construction materials have been underexplored, this study aims to offer comprehensive insights to aid in selecting appropriate components for scaling up the utilization of agricultural waste in construction materials. The findings are anticipated to be valuable for scholars and practitioners in construction, waste management, sustainable development, resource conservation, and recycling fields by advocating for sustainable construction practices through the efficient utilization of agricultural residues.
Duc et al. (2019) conducted an evaluation that emphasized potential commercial and industrial applications for groundnut shells. Groundnut shells can be processed to yield a range of bioproducts, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and nanosheets. They can also be utilized to break down heavy metals and dyes, as well as to make enzymes and hydrogen. This normally considered waste needs to be converted into beneficial bioproducts through an efficient management strategy to achieve a zero-waste manufacturing system. 2.4 Utilization of Waste Eggshell Powder The substantial scale of eggshell production, driven by the diverse uses of eggs in food and other applications, leads to a significant challenge of managing eggshell waste, particularly in developing nations. To address this waste issue, eggshell powder shows promise as a sustainable alternative in cementitious materials, potentially replacing fine aggregate and cement. This utilization of eggshell powder offers an eco- friendly solution for creating building materials with environmental benefits (Yang et al., 2022). Eggshell powder offers an efficient and cost-effective solution for sustainable construction materials, with cement playing a vital role in concrete production. Given that eggshells are predominantly made up of 97% calcium carbonate, a key component of cement, substituting pulverized eggshells as a cementitious ingredient can significantly reduce cement usage in concrete manufacturing (Lejano et al., 2020). This approach not only helps conserve natural lime but also facilitates the recycling of solid
