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EPA Lead Risk Assessor Cert. Exam
Best Study Guide
ug/g - microgram per gram ug/ft2 - microgram per foot square (dust sampling) mg/cm2 - milligrams per centimeter squared (XRF) ug/dL - microgram per deci-liter ug/m3 - microgram per deci-liter (quantity in blood) 1% - 10,000 ppm Allowed quantity of lead in dry surface paint when testing with XRF. - 1.0 mg/cm Allowed quantity of lead in dry surface paint when testing with paint chip - 5000 ppm Allowed quantity of lead in dry surface paint by weight - .5% = 5000ppm Lead Quantities for Dust Clearance from floors/carpet - 40 ug/ft Lead Quantities for Dust Clearance from furniture - 40 ug/ft Lead Quantities for Dust Clearance from window sills - 250 ug/ft
Lead Quantities for Dust Clearance from window wells - 400 ug/ft Lead Quantities for Dust Clearance from outside concrete - 800 ug/ft Lead Quantities for Soil Clearance in contact areas - 400 ppm Lead Quantities for Soil Clearance in non-contact areas - 1200 ppm Allowable lead quantity in water - 15 ppb/liter, or 15 mgL Lead blood level of concern for children - 5 ug/dL NIOSH Lead blood level of concern - 25 ug/dL OSHA employee lead blood level of concern - 40 ug/dL OSHA medical removal lead blood level - 50 ug/d? Lead Paint 1978 level allowed - .06%; 600 ppm Current level lead allowed in paint - .009%; 90 ppm Lead Paint allowed in all other consumer products - .01%; 100 ppm Hazardous Waste Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) - 5 ppm
Two most common ways for lead to enter the body? - ingestion and inhalation What body system is most affected by lead poisoning? - the nervous system The set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards for at least 20 years? - abatement T/F there is no established time frame for abatement of lead based paint in housing. However, all lead-based paint hazards must be abated from a target house when the project is funded in the amount of $25,000 or more through HUD - True T/F The most recent ruling by the CDC is that a child is suffering a health risk at just 5 ug/dL of lead in the blood but the risk of death can occur from 80 ug/dL or higher. - True What abatement methods can be used if lead concentrations in soil are above 5000 ppm where children are playing? - soil removal, or containing soil under concrete or asphalt After reducing lead hazards in a property who must perform clearance testing? - certified inspector or risk assesor T/F Clearance test are performed by taking XRF readings in any 4 rooms of the house where the abatement or renovations took place. - False T/F In pre 1978 housing, where a child with an elevated blood lead level has been living, visual assessments alone can be used to determine if lead hazards have to be abated from the property. - False How does an inspection differ from a risk assessment? - an inspection identifies the presence of lead paint; an assessment evaluates the hazards from lead.
T/F It is wise for inspectors to be trained in respiratory protection standards but it is not mandatory for EPA lead inspectors - True What should an assessor wear at a minimum to perform inspection/risk assessment of a pre 1978 home? - booties and rubber gloves Y/N An abatement project has been scheduled in a 1950's house. Is a risk assessment required by Title X law before work begins - No T/F The standard procedure for taking a dust sample must include these steps: layout the sample area; measure 1/10 to 1 square foot; prepare the tube; place gloves on; properly wipe the sample area in a "S" motion with an approved wipe; place folded wipe in a sampling tube; clean up sampling materials. - True Why are dust samples taken? - to identify lead paint hazards; to see if the contractor cleaned up properly after renovation; to identify a dust hazard from lead that may not be paint After a final clearance wipe down, a clearance test can begin _________ after the clean-up. - one hour T/F No one should operate the XRF analyzer until they have received radiation safety training - True What does a performance characteristic sheet for an XRF instrument determine? - XRF specified range; results that are positive, negative, and inconclusive; calibration check tolerances A testing combination is a - unique combination of room equivalents, building component types, or substrates An abbreviated test can be performed when - the owner agrees; all components tested are the same in each room equivalent; the component tested is positive for lead based paint in the first five rooms tested.
a surface by surface investigation to determine the presence of lead based paint. deteriorated paint - any interior or exterior paint that is peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking, or is located on an interior or exterior surface or fixture that is damaged or deteriorated accessible surface - surface that protrudes from the surrounding area to the extent that a child can chew the surface and is within three feet of the floor or ground friction surface - an interior or exterior surface that is subject to abrasion or friction (certain window, floor, and stair surfaces) impact surface - an interior or exterior surface that is subject to damage from repeated impacts (parts of door frames) PHAs and IHAs must abate - lead based paint in pre-1978 family developments equal to or greater than 1. mg/cm2 using XRF, or 0.5% (5000 ppm) using lab methods Deciliter - measure of volume. It is equal to a little less than half a cup. Main cause of lead contamination in drinking water - corrosion of lead containing plumbing Blood lead level - is the best initial measurement for evaluating lead exposure in the body 1st step in treating lead poisoning - remove the person from further exposure Romans used lead for constructing? - Aqueducts Greeks wrote about Roman miners who suffered from - lead poisoning
Symptoms of lead poisoning? - Flu like symptoms to cognitive impairement De minimis levels "safe work practices" must be used during stabilization or abatement only when the area of paint being disturbed is greater than: - 20 square feet on exterior surface, 2 square ft on interior surface, 10% of a building component with a small surface area. Disclosure Requirements - required for pre 1978 housing. Provide buyer/seller with EPA approved pamphlet. Disclose presence of known LBP or LBP hazards. Provide copy of any reports. Include warning statement, and give 10 days to purchaser to conduct risk assessment or inspection. What makes Lead Based Paint a Hazard? - paint is deteriorated, lead paint is on friction or impact surface, lead paint is on child-accessible surface that shows evidence of teeth marks. Safe Drinking Water Act defines lead free plumbing as - solders and flux may not contain more than 0.2% lead and pipes, pipe fittings, and well pumps may not contain more than 8.0% lead. ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable Exposure to radiation is affected by 3 important factors - time, distance, shielding XRF Performance Characteristics Sheet (PCS) - provides information necessary to conduct an inspection of lead-based paint using specific XRF instruments. Advantages of XRF testing are - speed, cost-efficiency, non-destructiveness Laboratory analysis of paint-chip samples must be completed by a laboratory recognized by? - National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP) The need for XRF substrate correction depends on: -
Certain adjacent building components can be grouped together if? - they have the same painting history Single family housing HUD Guidelines recommend XRF testing on at least - 1 location per testing combination, except interior and exterior walls; 4 readings, one on each wall. When upper and lower walls have a different painting history what must be done? - four tests are required of each What does the inspector do if the surface cannot be tested with an XRF test? - A paint sample must be submitted, or the surface must be assumed positive. An inspector must never assume what in a pre-1978 dwelling? - That paint is free of lead without testing How are XRF results corrected for substrate bias? - subtracting a correction value XRF readings of 4.0 mg/cm2 or higher - do not need to be corrected for substrate bias. XRF positive classification - indicates that lead is present on the testing combination at or above the federal standard of 1.0 mg/cm2. XRF negative classification - indicates that lead is not present on the testing combination at or above the federal standard of 1.0 mg/cm2. XRF inconclusive classification - indicates that the XRF cannot determine with reasonable certainty whether lead is present on the testing combination at or above the federal standard. multifamily units can have - different sizes, floor plans, and number of bedrooms and still meet the criterion of commonality Random sampling of multi units ensures what? -
insures selection of the units is not influenced by preconceived notions or convenience. Testing combinations in dwelling units, common areas, and exterior sites - cannot be mixed together in a single group Lead levels in paint below the federal standard for lead-based paint - may still present a hazard if disturbed American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) - developed standards addressing the collection, preparation, and analysis of paint samples for lead determination ASTM E 1729 - Field collection of dried paint samples for lead determination ASTM E 1645 - Preparation of dried paint samples for laboratory analysis ASTM E 1979- 98 - Standard practice for ultrasonic extraction of paint, dust, soil, and air samples for subsequent determination of lead ASTM E 1775- 96 - Standard guide for evaluating performance of on-site extraction and field- portable electochemical or spectrophotometric analysis for lead Guidelines recommend collecting how much paint for analysis - 4 square inches of paint Summary report of LBP inspection should answer what two questions -
- is the lead-based paint
- where is it located After abatement, EPA requires __________ and _____________ in target housing and child-occupied facilities - post-abatement visual inspections and clearance dust sampling To ensure effectiveness of cleanup the inspector has 3 responsibilities -
- visual inspection
Blanks Samples - serve 2 purposes; is the media contaminated, is the inspector's sampling technique poor. Spiked Sample - is a wet wipe spiked with a known amount of lead to test the laboratories ability to analyze dust wipe samples Ratio for spiked samples - 1 sample for every 50 field samples Advantages of composite sampling - lower cost per surface sampled; increased surface area that can be wiped for the same cost; Disadvantages of composite sampling - information on specific location is lost; laboratories will have to adopt special handling and digestion procedures Composite samples should be collected from where? - bare floors, carpeted floors (wall to wall carpet), window sills, window troughs, exterior surfaces What happens if a composite sample fails? - all the rooms with that component must be re-cleaned When should single surface wipe samples be used? - when informion is needed to determine leaded dust levels in a specific location; in other areas where leaded dust levels are expected to be high to determine if targeted cleaning efforts are needed. When should composite wipe samples be used? - controlling cost is essential; no reason to suspect that dust levels from same surfaces in different rooms will vary greatly; costs of multiple-room cleanup will not greatly exceed cost of single room cleanup Determine numbers of post-abatement clearance samples to be collected? - depends upon the number of rooms treated, the type of sampling conducted, and whether work was done on interior or exterior
When does the EPA not require dust wipe sampling? - following abatement exclusively on exterior of a dwelling What are EPA requirements for clearance sampling multifamily housing of 20 units or more - require that a sufficient number of residential dwellings are selected for dust sampling to provide a 95 percent level of confidence that no more than 5% or 50 of the residential dwellings in the randomly sampled population exceed the appropriate clearance levels Final dust wipe sample results must be reported in - ug/ft For abatement involving exterior of the building a visual inspection for dust and debris should be conducted for what surfaces? - all horizontal surfaces in the outdoor living space, and at the dripline or next to the foundation below any exterior surface abated. If postabatement soil samples are collected then - preabatement soil samples should also be collected How many soil samples should be collected for one composite sample? - three to ten how deep do you go when sampling soil? - top half-inch How does the inspector choose soil sampling locations - sampling locations are based on the hazard control strategy used and their professional judgement Who does not recommend use of lead spot test kits? - both EPA and HUD Who should confirm inconclusive results? - laboratory unless the client wishes to assume they are all positive Multifamily Housing: Component Type Report classified into component types -
- positive
- obtain background information;
- schedule evaluation;
- conduct evaluation;
- determine actual & future hazards;
- provide guidance
- produce a written report Purpose of Title X (4 parts) -
- eliminate LBP hazards
- implement LBP hazard reduction programs
- establish workable framework, infrastructure, and standard of care for LBP hazards evaluation and reduction.
- reduce threat of childhood lead poisoning Elevated Blood Level investigation - differs from basic risk assessment in purpose, scope, and consequences six motivating factors risk assessor should review with owner that may affect which evaluation options are provided -
- legal/insurance requirements
- property disposition
- liability issues
- preventive measures for children at risk
- preventive measures prior to renovation or remodeling
- response to child with EBL Visual Examination Steps -
- conduct initial walkthrough; 2. assess paint condition; 3. identify exterior problems; 4. identify areas of bare soil; 5. identify interior problems Intact Paint Condition - entire surface is intact Fair Paint Condition - Exterior less than or equal to 10 ft Interior less than or equal to 2 ft small surface components less than or equal to 10% total surface area Poor Paint Condition - More than 10 ft
More than 2 ft More than 10% total surface area Surface Coat Failure - top layer of paint is flaking, peeling, or otherwise detaching from layers below Multi-Coat failure - several of the top layers of paint or other coatings are delaminating from layers below Paint Abrasion - paint is rubbing because of mechanical friction chipped paint - pieces of paint are loosened or broken because of impact ASTM E 1792 - Ghost Wipes Water Samples of one liter should be collected from? - residential tap most commonly used for drinking water after the water has remained motionless for 6 hours Water samples should not be stored for more than? - 28 hours before analysis, unless acidification is completed How does a lead hazard screen act as a "negative" screen? - if the results of the screen indicate that lead hazards are not present, no further testing is required What recommendation is made if more than 5 surfaces have paint in poor condition - a fill risk assessment is recommended Interim Controls - measures designed to temporarily reduce human exposure or possible exposure to LBP hazards. Interim control measures include - paint film stabilization; friction and impact reduction treatments; dust removal; soil covering using non-permanent means
