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Developmental Psychology notes Prenatal to toddlerhood (Psychometrician board exam 2024), Study notes of Developmental Psychology

I want to share you my notes when I was reviewing for the Psychometrician board exam 2024. I hope this may help you to in your own review. This note contains information about the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development during the prenatal stage, and infancy/ toddlerhood stage.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Available from 09/05/2024

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PRENATAL PERIOD
-conception to birth
-it’s all about the growing live being inside the mother’s womb
-Dependent to mother
-we all started as a zygote
-Age: Conception to birth
PHYSICAL DEV.
Prenatal stages of development:
1. Germinal stage-
*Main char: sperm and ovum
*fertilization ->zygote->blastocyst-> Blasto. Travel to uterus and attach to uterine wall
(implantation)
2. Embryonic stage
*Organogenesis
*Vulnerable stage
-Spontaneous abortion mostly can occur
3. Fetal stage
*finishing touches
*Bone cells
*Continue organ development
*Baby moves (kicking, suck thumbs, swallow)
DISORDERS THAT CAN OCCUR DUE TO PROBLEMS DURING PRENATAL DEV.
Chromosomal disorder
*Trisomy 21-down syndrome
*Fragile X- males are prone
*Trisomy X-fertile; only affects female
*Turner’s syndrome(missing X)- only affects female;infertility
Medical diseases that can be acquired commonly due to genetic inheritance
*Sickle cell
*Beta thalassemia
FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE PRENATAL DEV.:
*these are environmental influences cause they are outside factors that affects the
baby inside womb (env of the baby)
*The timing,duration,doses is significant in terms of its effect to the prenatal dev.
*The genetic factors of the baby can be a buffer or makes them more susceptible to
experiencing the negative effects
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PRENATAL PERIOD

-conception to birth -it’s all about the growing live being inside the mother’s womb -Dependent to mother -we all started as a zygote -Age : Conception to birth

PHYSICAL DEV.

Prenatal stages of development:

  1. Germinal stage- *Main char: sperm and ovum *fertilization -> zygote -> blastocyst -> Blasto. Travel to uterus and attach to uterine wall (implantation)
  2. Embryonic stage *Organogenesis *Vulnerable stage -Spontaneous abortion mostly can occur
  3. Fetal stage *finishing touches *Bone cells *Continue organ development *Baby moves (kicking, suck thumbs, swallow) DISORDERS THAT CAN OCCUR DUE TO PROBLEMS DURING PRENATAL DEV.  Chromosomal disorder
  • Trisomy 21 -down syndrome
  • Fragile X - males are prone
  • Trisomy X -fertile; only affects female
  • Turner’s syndrome (missing X)- only affects female;infertility  Medical diseases that can be acquired commonly due to genetic inheritance *Sickle cell *Beta thalassemia FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE PRENATAL DEV.: *these are environmental influences cause they are outside factors that affects the baby inside womb (env of the baby) *The timing , duration , doses is significant in terms of its effect to the prenatal dev. *The genetic factors of the baby can be a buffer or makes them more susceptible to experiencing the negative effects
 MATERNAL FACTORS

*diet *consumption or use of drugs *exposure to chemicals or toxic env or any kinds of env. -exposure to x-ray, radiation *Psychological state of the mother (stress, depress) *age *Weight *Disease (Measles, parasites, HIV)  PATERNAL FACTORS *consumption of drugs; habitual smoking before conceiving a baby (can produce bad sperm) *Age (old and young father can create bad ver. of sperm) LIST OF COMPLICATIONS THAT CAN HAPPEN DUE TO NEGATIVE INFLUENCES DURING PRENATAL DEV.:  Low birth weight  Premature baby  Stillbirth  Mental retardation or any other mental issues /disorder  Medical diseases

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Gestation - conception to birth  Gestation age - LMP to current (birth) *The last mentrual period (LMP) refers to the first day (onset of bleeding) of your last menstrual period before falling pregnant  Teratogens - Any substances that can negatively impact prenatal dev. -this may include viruses, bacteria, (anything that may cause illness) as well that may cause problems to the baby in the womb  Cephalocaudal principle - the direction of development starts from head to bottom  Proximodistal principle -the direction of development starts from the center to the appendages or sides.

PHYSICAL DEV.

-Milestone: Walking (Once achieved-> toddler) Weaning Teething-3rd to 4 th^ month -Dev challenges: *Adjusting to the world by making our own organ system function on its own; no longer reliant to the mother *Reliant to caregiver to be fed, hygiene,

Significant biological development :

*growth is rampant or rapid BRAIN DEVELOPMENT:

  • 3wks (prenatal )- Nervous system development (Neurogenesis)
  • 1month (prenatal )- hindbrain, mid brain, forebrain is evident
  • First 6 months to 2yrs of life (Synaptic connection increases; neurons multiply) *at the early dev of the brain there’s a rampant of neuron multiplication; eventually pruned
  • Age 6- brain resembles adult brain (size) Brain capabilities: -Multiply, migrate then perform Integration and differentiation
  • Undergoes pruning - necessary to keep the neurons healthy and remove unnecessary neuronal connections;make things not chaotic
  • Plasticity - brain adapts to env. **Env. Input is necessary for the pruning and brain plasticity;
  • Abnormalities in pruning -> ASD or schizophrenia SENSORY CAPACITIES:
  • Touch: First to develop; Sensitive to pain, touch
  • Smell and taste - Prenatal period they get to taste the food their mother’s eat; through breast milk as well; will develop preference for certain taste; dislike bitter taste
  • Hearing : Can distinguish sound as early as 2 days; -Sight: Last to develop; at birth it’s not fully mature *4-5 months - binocular vision *8 months- 20/20 vision *Infant prefers mother’s face and stranger’s attractive faces MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: - Babies have reflexes; when the brain, muscles, and bones mature it will allow the baby to perform specific motor function; right env. opportunities matters as well  REFLEXES - Primitive, Postural, locomotor; 27 major reflexes -HEAD CONTROL- develops first -HAND CONTROL- movement of hands; pincer grasp; -LOCOMOTION- the toddler can move from one place to another ***** Cultural practices may influence the pace of early motor Development Perception and motor function:

Theories:

According to Gibson’s ecological theory, sensory perception and motor activity are coordinated from birth, helping infants figure out how to navigate in their environment.Thelen’s dynamic systems theory holds that infants develop motor skills, not by maturation alone but by active coordination of multiple systems of action within a changing environment.

DEVELOPING SKILLS:

 Vygotsky “sociocultural theory of cognitive dev”=

  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - area wherein the child is capable of

learning a skill, but in need of assistance from an expert

  • Scaffolding -The process of assisting/guiding a child to learn a skill, until they

can do it on their own; unti unti tinatanggal ang scaffolding.

MEMORY

*not long lasting

*can last up to 2 days to 13 weeks

-Because of immaturity of hippocampus

LANGUAGE

* Understanding of language develops early before the ability to speak; we

can understand before we can speak

Stages of language dev:

1. Pre linguistic stage - crying, cooing (vowels),

babbling(vowels+consonants); Conveys= want to be fed, changed diapers,

comforted; I feel ill, uncomfy

2. Use of nonverbal gestures

3. Holophrase

4. Telegraphic phase

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEV.

-Milestone: ;establishing independence;

-Dev issues:

*Trust vs mistrust

*Attachment

*Sense of self-15-24 months

*Autonomy vs shame and doub t- (can do things independently) ( excited to

practice/try their new skill like walking); need to establish boundary to prevent

accidents.

*socialization

**In this stage, the child is slowly getting understanding of the society’s

standards/expectations and aim to follow it

TEMPERAMENT

*Personality version of infants (because infants doesn’t have enough

experience yet to develop a personality)

*Innate

* This refers to how an infant approach or react to situations or stimuli

Findings in New york Longitudinal Study:

* EASY -hindi iyakin, madaling ngumiti

* SLOW TO WARM UP - scared at first but eventually becomes comfortable

* DIFFICULT -iyakin, mahirap patawanin

ATTACHMENT

-We use/have different attachment styles for each of people we are in a

relationship with.

 BOWLBY= proposed working models -expectations we have to our

caregivers

-IF WM is inconsistently not met -> revision of working model; attachment

style of a child changes

-IF WM is consistently met -> upholding of the WM;attachment style remains

the same

> Secure attachment -responsive mother

> Insecure attachment - non responsive mother

> Stranger anxiety -8-9 months; has memory for faces

> Separation anxiety -can lessen if the substitute caregiver is responsive

Healthy/secure attachment-> better at socializing; can form healthy/stable

relationships; positive emotions (joy); 3 yrs old- confident, resilient, empathy

Unhealthy/insecure attachment-> negative emotions (fear, aggression)

**people with disorganized attachment style - prone to conduct issues or

any other behavioral problem