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CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
socio-ecological model of health - correct answers explores the relationship among health, the individual, the group, and the community as they exist in their social, political, and physical environments. Income, employment, housing, and education help define a community, and these factors can affect the health of individuals in the community. Individual factors: - correct answers These are influences on an individual's behavior that can affect behavior and choices, such as their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality, which may be negative or positive. Interpersonal factors: - correct answers These are interactions with others that may provide support or create barriers to interpersonal growth; interactions may promote healthy behavior or act as a negative influence. Institutional and organizational factors: - correct answers These are the rules, regulations, policies, and formal structures that promote or constrain healthy behaviors. For example, all employees of a company might be required to attend an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) training. Community factors: - correct answers These are the formal or informal social norms that exist among individuals, groups, or organizations, which may limit or enhance healthy behaviors. For example, one norm is not littering in public areas.
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Public policy factors: - correct answers These are the local, state, and federal policies that regulate or support health and practices for disease prevention. Focusing on these factors (social ecological model) - correct answers helps public health workers consider social determinants of health from an individual perspective, up to a larger environmental perspective PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health: - correct answers - focuses on assessing the needs for designing and implementing health promotion and public health
- Although this model is designed for public health, it is also useful for community interventions.
- change should focus on the outcome rather than the desired results established during the assessment phase PRECEDE: - correct answers - Predisposing
- Reinforcing
- Enabling Constructs in Educational
- Diagnosis
- Evaluation. PRECEDE steps: - correct answers - Identifying the desired result
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
The PRECEDE-PROCEED model provides the structure for two things: - correct answers - planning a focused public health program
- implementing and evaluating the program Environmental Assessment - correct answers Assessing and reviewing a specific area for any contributing factors that affect the promotion of health, such as water contamination. Education Assessment - correct answers Focusing on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing: Assessing the educational needs and identifying any gaps in the community. two main concepts that are associated with behavior change through community engagement: - correct answers evidence-based practice and the socio-ecological approach Community organizers (also called community health organizers or community health workers): - correct answers - members of the community who may take the initiative to organize others or seek solutions to problems
- HHS professionals may also be community organizers
- Many such people are members of the community serving in an informal support role, but they may also have a formal role within an organization.
- They often educate and motivate the community to advocate for supportive policy and social change.
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
A key role of community health organizers is - correct answers - capacity building (This means promoting and supporting community action, locating and securing support and resources, and implementing new initiatives.)
- As referenced in the socio-ecological model, the health behaviors of individuals that make up a community are shaped and influenced by the individual, families, social networks, organizations in which they participate, and the community and society in which they live
- A community organizer aims to support all these groups. There are several important themes associated with community organizing: - correct answers - Community capacity—unique, specific information about a community that is used to identify, mobilize, and address the problems in the community
- Empowerment—social action that can help community members feel importance and control in making a difference in the community
- Grassroots participation—an approach that begins with community members supporting the community successful community building is focused on - correct answers community engagement
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
capacity building: - correct answers promoting and supporting community action, locating and securing support and resources, and implementing new initiatives coalition: - correct answers a more formal group in the community that comes together to work towards a common goal grassroots approach: - correct answers initiated by a community member or group of community members and organized from the community up through outside organizations or leadership structures climate change: - correct answers long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns, which may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle primary pollutants: - correct answers pollutants such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and suspended particulates that can come from human or natural sources secondary pollutants: - correct answers pollutants that develop when primary pollutants react with each other or with other components in the atmosphere, which creates new, harmful chemicals water pollution: - correct answers any physical or chemical change in water that can cause harm to living organisms
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Black or African American people - correct answers - heart disease
- diabetes
- cancer
- accidents
- obesity
- infant mortality
- mental health conditions Hispanic or Latino - correct answers - Diabetes
- hypertension
- cancer
- accidents Asian Americans - correct answers - cancer
- stroke
- heart disease
- accidents
- diabetes.
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
germ theory of disease: nterdisciplinary approach that bases the treatment of a health concern on the best available current research penicillin: a medication used to treat infections that was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming and was one of the first medications against bacterial infections that had previously killed many people - correct answers an accepted scientific theory stating microorganisms, also called pathogens or germs, can cause disease by invading humans, animals, or living hosts pasteurization: - correct answers heating liquids at high temperatures within a short period to kill harmful microbes (bacteria) in milk, thus keeping foods safe and not affecting the nutritional quality vaccine: - correct answers a prepared substance administered by injection, orally, or sprayed into the nose to stimulate the body's immune response against a disease Shattuck Report: - correct answers a report written by Lemuel Shattuck in 1850 identifying public health needs for Massachusetts; the report identified the importance of data such as birth and death statistics to verify the cause and effect of poor hygiene on preventable diseases penicillin: - correct answers a medication used to treat infections that was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming and was one of the first medications against bacterial infections that had previously killed many people Dr. Edward Jenner - correct answers - first successful vaccine (1796)
- infected with cowpox = immune to small pox
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Germ Theory - correct answers - Louis Pasteur-French Chemist / microbiologist
- development and use of vaccines / pasteurization
- Germ theory = bacteria or micro organisms are the cause of infectious disease
- He used weakened bacteria in vaccines The contributions of Shattuck, Pasteur, and Jenner greatly contributed to achieving public and community health goals: - correct answers of identifying the cause of infectious diseases and preventing and controlling disease. Evidence-based medicine emphasizes the application of proven medical practices, such as: - correct answers infection control procedures clean water and promoting healthy foods improved sanitation workplace safety guidelines evidence-based medicine: - correct answers an interdisciplinary approach that bases the treatment of a health concern on the best available current research physical factors that affect public health - correct answers geography, environment, and the size of a community
CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 -
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Example: "I can't access my health provider for a COVID-19 immunization." - correct answers Perceived barriers Exposure to factors that quickly prompt action Example: "The news is reporting more deaths of those not immunized against COVID-19." - correct answers (cues to action). Confidence in the ability to succeed Example: "I received my immunization and boosters, so I am more confident I will survive if I contract COVID-19." - correct answers (self-efficacy). Public health goals are: - correct answers Promoting the physical and mental health of citizens Controlling infectious diseases Reducing vaccine-preventable deaths Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation, which is considered a human right Improving production of food and its distribution to impoverished populations Increasing disaster preparedness Community health focuses on - correct answers the health status of the people within a defined geographic area with similar characteristics. It focuses on contributors to health status, such as housing, financial stability, employment, and education. The health of a community is affected by all of these factors. Neighborhoods and cities are examples of communities.
