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Three Major Branches of Christianity
Eastern Orthodox (96 CE)- Roman Catholic (590 CE)-Protestant (1520 CE)
Papal indulgences
Documents sold by the Catholic Church that would reduce the amount of time your soul spends in Purgatory
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Christendom
Christian-dominated Western Europe of the Middle Ages
Spanish 'Requerimiento'
-Declaration by the Spanish monarchy of Castile's divinely ordained right to take possession of the territories of the New World and to subjugate, exploit, and fight the native inhabitants- Explains God's creation and how the Pope says that the land belongs to the Spanish king- Under Christendom
Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
German Christian monk who became the leader of the reforming of the Catholic Church. Posted 95 issues/thesis, on the door of a church, that had had with the Catholic Church.
Luther's main tenets
- Individual conscience is supreme2. Priesthood of all believers (vocation) — we are all responsible for our own penance3. The Bible is the sole authority4. Salvation by faith alone- Sola scriptura (scripture), sola fide (faith), sola gratia (grace)- Divine relationship and salvation come by grace through faith — not by good works, belief in dogma, or economic population
Anabaptists and their beliefs
- Radical German reforms- Sought to "up-end" the social structure1. Believers' Church (no infant baptism)2. Separation of Church and State3. Pacifistic — opposed war and the use of coercive measures to maintain the social order4. Redistribution of wealth (take care of poor just like Jesus)
John Calvin and the 'Election of the Saints'
- Anyone with faith is saved- God predestined some people to receive salvation, but nobody actually knows- Once saved, always saved
Calvin and the Geneva Experiment
- Calvin put his doctrine of the 'Election of the Saints' into practice in the Italian city of Geneva to create a utopian "society of the elect"- Life is good = saved- God will let you know if you are saved
Ulrich Zwingli and the sacraments
- Argued against the sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion- "A sacrament is nothing else than an initiatory ceremony or pledging"
King Henry VIII
- Problem: No male heir with Queen Catherine of Aragon- Pope refused Henry's plea for an annulment after 24 years of marriage
The Church of England (Anglican Church)
- King Henry became head of Anglican/English Church (1534)- Translated the Bible to
Weber)- Name for the Massachusetts Bay Colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints
The 'Halfway' Covenant (1662)
- A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church- Allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion- Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636- Founded the colony of Rhode Island- 'Soul liberty' — we should not be persecuted for our faith and our own conscience is important
Anne Hutchinson
A dissenter in Massachusetts Bay who preached that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elder- Banished by the "leadership of the colony" (men) and helped to settle Rhode Island- 'Divinely inspired' — worshippers do not need the church or ministers to interpret the Bible for them (had biblical studies and visions)
Mary Dyer
- Puritan turned Quaker- Hung by Massachusetts Bay Colony for her views regarding women's right to preach and her view on the separation of church and state (defied Puritan law)
U.S. Disestablishment of Religion (and consequences)
No state-sponsored churches- Created "free-market religion" with 3 main results:1. Denominationalism2. Voluntarism3. Democratization
Denominationalism in the U.S. (see Hudson reading on the different groups)
- Many churches founded to fill people's spiritual needs
Religious voluntarism and democratization of American religion
religious voluntarism- Dynamics of personal choice enter into the religious marketplace
democratization of american religion- Religious ideas become the province of everyone, not just the clergy
America's religious marketplace
- People used religion as a business
American Revivalism as a social phenomenon
- Revivalism becomes the American-style of religion- Methodists and others began to preach in cities and draw people in- The 'Wave of 1800' in New York and the Western Frontier — wave of "non-denominational" Christianity
First Great Awakening (George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards)
- A movement in reaction to the increasing secularism and rationalism of mid-18th century America- Against the corporate and materialistic nature of the principal
The success of the Methodists
-a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. -It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.
Modernists (Liberals) & Fundamentalists (Conservatives) and controversy of the 1920s
Fundamentalists vs. Modernists. -defending against the teachings of evolution in public schools -the fundamentalists hoping to put an end to modernism in mainstream Protestant churches.
The Scopes 'Monkey' Trial (1925)
Teacher was accused of teaching evolution in a school-was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school-[1] The trial was deliberately staged to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. -Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.
