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CSU BMS 300 Final exam questions
with verified answers
Which of the following bonds are responsible for the dipole moment of a water molecule? a. hydrogen bonds b. ionic bonds c. polar bonds d. covalent bonds - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. covalent bonds There are currently clinical trials researching the efficacy of mRNA vaccines to protect against HIV, Zika, rabies, and Ebola viruses. Upon injection of an mRNA vaccine, mRNA would be read: a. 3'-5' by the large ribosomal subunit b. 5'-3' by the large ribosomal subunit c. 3'-5' by the small ribosomal subunit d. 5'-3' by the small ribosomal subunit - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. 5'-3' by the small ribosomal subunit Which of the following may contain a nuclear localization factor? a. DNA, RNA, and histone proteins
b. DNA and RNA c. RNA and polymerase proteins d. DNA and secreted proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. RNA and polymerase proteins Which of the following ions has a higher intracellular concentration? a. Na+ b. Ca2+ c. Cl- d. K+ - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. K+ Which polymerase is responsible for the production of mRNA? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III d. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. RNA polymerase II Which of the following proteins would have a signal peptide? a. Na+/K+ ATPases b. clathrin proteins c. spliceosomes d. myosin motor proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. Na+/K+ ATPases
Embryonic germ cells are transcriptionally dormant. You would expect these cells to have: a. high levels of spliceosomes b. DNA primarily in euchromatin form c. DNA primarily in heterochromatin form d. high levels ATP synthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. DNA primarily in heterochromatin form AMPA receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate in the extracellular space. Binding opens the AMPA receptor and permits the movement of ions across the plasma membrane. AMPA receptors are examples of: a. voltage-gated channels b. ligand-gated channels c. mechanically-gated channels d. non-gated channels - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. ligand-gated channels Capsaicin is known as the "spicy molecule." After eating spicy food, you might reach for a glass of water to wash away the spice, but the water does nothing to curb the burning sensation in your mouth. You can assume that capsaicin is __________. a. amphipathic b. hydrophilic
c. hydrophobic d. polar - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. hydrophobic Keratin, which is found in keratinocytes, is an example of a(n): a. ATPase b. actin filament c. intermediate filament d. secrete protein - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. intermediate filament Disruption of which of the following cellular processes could potentially lead to disease? a. post-translational modifications b. synthesis of transmembrane channels c. protein misfolding d. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. all of the above Sprinting for a minute would most likely NOT use which of the following substrates to make ATP? a. creatine phosphate b. glucose c. fats d. glycogen - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. fats
c. water will flow from right to left because the osmotic concentration of sucrose is higher d. water will flow from left to right because the osmotic concentration of NaCl is lower - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. water will not experience a net flow because the osmotic forces are balanced Transcription factors bind to _____ in order to promote _____: a. DNA, DNA replication b. RNA, RNA synthesis c. DNA, RNA synthesis d. RNA, protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. DNA, RNA synthesis A person with an RQ value of 0.8 is most likely: a. resting b. using glucose as the substrate to make ATP c. using fats as the substrate to make ATP d. exercising vigorously - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. resting In eukaryotic cells, enzymes that form phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides function in the: a. nucleus b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. cytosol d. more than one answer is correct - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. nucleus For the bases CAT in DNA, the anticodon would be: a. CAT b. GTA c. UAC d. CAU - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. CAU Phosphorylation of protein channels increasing or decreasing permeability through that channel is an example of a: a. co-transcriptional modification b. post-transcriptional modification c. co-translational modification d. post-translational modification - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. post- translational modification A toxin that blocks the ability of dynein to cleave ATP to ADP + Pi would disrupt the: a. anterograde transport of vesicles on microtubules b. retrograde transport of vesicles on microtubules c. anterograde transport of vesicles on f-actin
d. nucleus - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. Golgi apparatus Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are covered in heavily glycosylated proteins that become oxidized over time. Significant oxidation of these glycoproteins is a sign the erythrocyte is worn out. Macrophages in the spleen inspect the glycoproteins and will internalize the old erythrocytes by a process of: a. apoptosis b. exocytosis c. endocytosis d. pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. endocytosis During DNA replication, helicase is needed to unwind the double helix and pull apart the two strands of DNA. Helicase functions by breaking the: a. hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases b. phosphodiester bonds between 5-carbon sugars c. hydrogen bonds between nucleosides d. covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases Which of the following is NOT a typical component of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells? a. proteins that span the lipid bilayer
b. amphipathic molecules c. triglycerides d. phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. triglycerides The Na+/H+ exchanger uses the energy of sodium moving down its gradient to push hydrogen against its concentration gradient. Which of the following is NOT true? The Na+/H+ exchanger: a. requires ATP to function b. is a counter-transporter c. is a secondary active transporter has at least four transmembrane domains - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. requires ATP to function Aquaporins are proteins that span the phospholipid bilayer of cells. What protein structure is MOST LIKELY associated with the transmembrane portion of the aquaporin channels? a. a sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds b. an amino acid chain with hydrogen bonds formed between the peptide bonds c. multiple protein subunits joined together by non-covalent forces d. an amino acid chain with hydrogen bonds between R groups - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. an amino acid chain with hydrogen bonds formed between the peptide bonds A deoxyribonucleoside contains all of the following EXCEPT a:
d. cadherins - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. cadherins Cardiac myocytes (heart muscle cells) undergo intense mechanical stress when they contract together to pump blood out of the heart. Which type of cell junction would you expect to find helping them withstand this intense mechanical stress? a. focal adhesions b. hemidesmosomes c. desmosomes d. tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. desmosomes Which type of intercellular junction would have the lowest likelihood of allowing extracellular fluid to pass between cells? a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. adherens junctions d. tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. tight junctions Which of the following statements would best explain why cartilage tissue does not regenerate after injury? a. chondrocytes cannot proliferate b. chondrocytes cannot secrete collagen c. chondrocytes cannot secrete elastin
d. cartilage is avascular - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. cartilage is avascular Some structures in the body are able to return to their original shape after being stretched, bent, or compressed. This ability would be impaired by a loss of function mutation resulting in misfolding of which protein? a. elastin in the reticular layer of the dermis b. a secreted protein in elastic cartilage of the ear c. a protein synthesized by fibrocytes in connective tissue proper d. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. all of the above Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be found in connective tissue? a. chondrocytes b. melanocytes c. fibrocytes/fibroblasts d. osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. melanocytes Which type of tissue would you expect to find in the integumentary system? a. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue
A burn patient presents with charred, dry, and leathery skin with no pain. Based on those signs, identify the severity of their burn and the skin layer(s) affected. a. first degree burn; epidermis b. second degree burn; epidermis & upper regions of the dermis c. third degree burn; epidermis, dermis (all regions), & hypodermis d. b. or c. are correct - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. third degree burn; epidermis, dermis (all regions), & hypodermis What might you MOST LIKELY expect to find in the Stratum spinosum? a. elastin b. melanin c. melanocytes d. more than one answer is correct - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. melanin Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument? a. produces exocrine secretions b. allows for the sensation of pressure c. helps regulate body temperature d. aids in respiratory gas exchange - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. aids in respiratory gas exchange
Squamous cell carcinoma, which can appear as rough skin with open sores, may arise from: a. keratinocytes in the stratum corneum b. melanocytes in the stratum basale c. keratinocytes in the stratum basale d. keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum - CORRECT ANSWERS โโd. keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare diseases that cause the skin to blister easily. Which of the following proteins, if abnormal, would lead to junctional EB? a. keratin b. integrins c. collagen d. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. integrins Which type of bone is cylindrical in shape and will move appendages (like the arm) when muscles attached to them contract? a. sesamoid bone b. long bone c. Flat bone d. short bone - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. long bone
b. chondrocytes become more rigid (bone-like) in the zone of maturation and hypertrophy c. chondrocytes die in the zone of calcified matrix d. bone tissue is added between the epiphysis and diaphysis in the zone of ossification - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. chondrocytes become more rigid (bone-like) in the zone of maturation and hypertrophy In the process of bone remodeling, RANKL binds to RANK receptors. Which of the following would you NOT expect to result from RANKL binding to RANK receptors? a. increased bone resorption under the periosteum b. formation of osteoclasts c. increased concentration of calcium ions in the blood d. increased diameter of the medullary cavity - CORRECT ANSWERS โโa. increased bone resorption under the periosteum Hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells) occurs in the________________________. a. liver b. medullary cavity c. red bone marrow d. yellow bone marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS โโc. red bone marrow
When COVID-19 infects the lung epithelium, epithelial cells secrete a molecule called interferon into the extracellular fluid to warn neighboring cells of imminent viral invasion. How would you categorize this mode of intercellular communication? a. direct communication b. paracrine communication c. autocrine communication d. endocrine communication - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. paracrine communication Mutations in __________ will disrupt direct communication between cells. a. integrins b. connexins c. claudins d. clathrins - CORRECT ANSWERS โโb. connexins Choose the appropriate terms to fill in the blanks: ____________ of the mammary glands initiates milk production, and __________ of mammary glands stimulates milk ejection. a. humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli b. hormonal stimuli, hormonal stimuli c. hormonal stimuli, neural stimuli
