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CSTR EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 REAL EXAM 180 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
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What are types of graphic presentation? - ANSWER- Bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, control charts, dashboards, spreadsheets, scatter grams, pareto chart, radar chart, tree chart
What does a bar graph show? - ANSWER- Horizontal or vertical bars proportional to the values of the data. These are used for quick comparison of information.
What does a pie chart show? - ANSWER- Show proportions of a whole or percentage of a whole.
What does a line graph show? - ANSWER- Line connecting data points in a sequential order to show a trend over time.
What does a control chart show? - ANSWER- Used to observe performance by studying variation over time and monitors if a process is within control or out of control limits using upper and lower control lines calculated using standard deviation or sigma values with the center line representing the overall average.
What does a dashboard show? - ANSWER- A compact visual presentation of critical data, usually at a higher level, to be easily understood at a glance.
What do spreadsheets show? - ANSWER- A collection of data in columns and rows that hold the data detail -- usually produced in an "Excel" type of document.
What does a scatter gram show? - ANSWER- Displays values for two variables showing the distribution of the values. 12
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What does a pareto chart show? - ANSWER- A chart showing data from most to least frequently occurring information from left to right. These are used to clearly identify higher valued items (e.g., The highest frequency or priority for resolution).
What does a radar chart show? - ANSWER- Radar Chart - (same as spider gram) shows the relationship between multiple variables with one or more axis.
What does a tree chart show? - ANSWER- (Fishbone diagram) - used to identify all of the various issues/tasks that go into development of a single outcome.
How would you present volume? - ANSWER- Visualized by a bar chart (similar to a histogram) showing different heights depicting variance from comparative items or periods of time.
How would you present a trend? - ANSWER- A trend is a series of consecutive information/data that is all moving upward or downward as time progresses. A trend line can be overlaid onto the chart information/ data for the reader to more easily visualize if there is a trend over time.
What is the process of PIPS? - ANSWER- recognition, assessment, and correction
Who originated the National Trauma Data Bank? - ANSWER- ACS
What is the Joint Commission? - ANSWER- It is a national organization that provides standards so that hospitals may obtain accreditation for licensure and gain the right to receive payment from Medicaid and Medicare.
What created the Joint Commission? - ANSWER- Created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, and the Canadian Medical Association.
What is benchmarking? - ANSWER- A benchmark is a standard by which something can be measured or judged, comparing like data over time with different organizations, providers, or with a recommended or desired outcome/standard.
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Define standard deviation - ANSWER- Standard Deviation: a measure to quantify the difference between the values in the data set.
Name the anatomy of the neck - ANSWER- Cervical vertebrae x 7, trachea, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, hyoid bone.
Name the bones of the face - ANSWER- 14 stationary bones and a lower jaw bone. Inferior nasal conchae x 2, lacrimal bones x 2, mandible, maxilla x 2, nasal bones and septum, palatine bones x 2, vomer, zygomatic bones x 2, eye, ear. Name the anatomy of the chest - ANSWER- Thoracic spine, ribs 1-12, sternum, heart, bronchi and lungs, thoracic aorta, diaphragm, thoracic esophagus.
Name the anatomy of the abdomen - ANSWER- Liver, spleen, colon, rectum, small bowel, pancreas, kidneys, pelvis, uterus, bladder, stomach, gallbladder, retroperitoneum, abdominal aorta and other vessels.
Name the anatomy of the spine - ANSWER- Cervical--7, thoracic--12, lumbar-- 5 sacrum—5 (fused), coccyx (tailbone)—2, 3, or 4. Note: C1 = Atlas, C2 = Axis and has a "dens" (spike-like projection) that projects upward on which the atlas rotates. ,
Name the parts of the vertebrae - ANSWER- Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, foramen, lamina, superior and inferior articular processes.
Name the anatomy of the upper extremities - ANSWER- Shoulder girdle with scapula and clavicle. Humerus: Median and lateral epicondyle (end of humerus), capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, deltoid tuberosity, greater & lesser tubercle, head & neck. 10 Ulna: Olecranon process (elbow), coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity, styloid process (projection at the distal end of the ulna). Radius: also has a styloid process at the distal end.
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Hand: Carpal bones x 8 (scaphoid, locate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate), metacarpals x 5, and phalanges (proximal x 5, middle x 5, distal x 5). Joints: Acromioclavicular, carpal bones (wrist), elbow, sternoclavicular, glenohumeral, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal.
Name the anatomy of the lower extremities - ANSWER- Pelvic girdle Pelvis: Ilium, iliac crest, acetabulum, ischium, pubis, sacrum and sacroiliac joints. Legs: femur, patella (knee cap), tibia, fibula. Joints: Hip, knee, and ankle. Ankle Bones: Lateral malleolus, medial malleolus Foot: Tarsal bones (7), calcaneus (heel bone), talus, cuboid, navicular, first, second and third cuneiform), metatarsals, phalanges Name the bones of the skull - ANSWER- Parietal x 2, Frontal, Sphenoid, ethmoid, Occipital, temporal x 2 What injury would cause Racoon eyes? - ANSWER- Basal skull fx, Frontal fx
What are signs of a basal skull fx? - ANSWER- Frontal - racoon eyes, Middle Fossa - CSF leak, Posterior - battle signs
What are diffuse intracranial Injuries? - ANSWER- Concussion, shear injury, DAI, Anoxic brain injury
What are focal intracranial Injuries - ANSWER- Contusion, Epidural, Subdural, Intraparenchymal - Focal meaning in one place.
What symptoms should you look for in head injuries? - ANSWER- Confusion, combative, altered cons, obtunded, posturing
Define decoritate - ANSWER- Posturing arms folded into chest
Define decerebrate - ANSWER- Posturing with limbs extended
Where can definition of trauma patient be found? - ANSWER- The Orange Book or American College of Surgeons: "Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient"
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Define chemistry - ANSWER- Chemistry labs typically include electrolyte levels Some of the tests included in a chemistry are: sodium, potassium chloride, calcium, creatinine (blood), glucose(blood sugar), magnesium, phosphorus, etc.
Define hematology - ANSWER- Involves testing on the blood itself to determine the patient blood volumes in relation to the normal values
What do blood gases measure? - ANSWER- Arterial blood gases measure the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate, base excess, etc., in the arterial blood
Blood loss >20% - ANSWER- 220 lb wt. = 1500 ml. 165 lb wt. = 1125 ml. approx 5 liters of blood in body at 75 kg
Who developed the Abbreviated Injury Scale? - ANSWER- AAAM
What is the format of an AIS code - ANSWER- 7 digits
How many digits in pre dot? - ANSWER- 6 digits The pre-dot code represents the body area of injury, the anatomical structure(s) involved, the level of injury.
How manyu digits in post dot? - ANSWER- 1 digit The single digit after the dot is called the post-dot digit or severity number.
What are the AIS 6 main body regions? - ANSWER- 1. AIS region 1 = Head/Neck
- AIS region 2 = Face
- AIS region 3 = Chest /Thorax
- AIS region 4 = Abdomen - Lumbar spine
- AIS region 5 = Extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles
- AIS region 6 = External including burn, hypothermia, asphyxiation, drowning, electrocution, explosion full body
What are the post dot severity numbers? - ANSWER- .1 -- Minor
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.2 - Moderate .3 - Serious
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triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate), metacarpals x 5, and phalanges (proximal x 5, middle x 5, distal x 5).
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Name the bones of the lower extremity - ANSWER- Pelvic girdle Pelvis: Ilium, iliac crest, acetabulum, ischium, pubis, sacrum and sacroiliac joints. Legs: femur, patella (knee cap), tibia, fibula. Joints: Hip, knee, and ankle. Ankle Bones: Lateral malleolus, medial malleolus Foot: Tarsal bones (7), calcaneus (heel bone), talus, cuboid, navicular, first, second and third cuneiform), metatarsals, phalanges.
What are the 3 components to GCS? - ANSWER- Eye, Verbal, Motor
Name the 4 stages of Eye GCS - ANSWER- 1 no eye opening 2 opens to pain 3 opens to verbal command 4 opens spontaneously
Name the 5 stages of Verbal GCS - ANSWER- 1 no verbal response 2 incomprehensible 3 inappropriate 4 confused 5 oriented
Name the 6 stages of Motor GCS - ANSWER- 1 no movement 2 move to pain, extension 3 move to pain, flexion 4 withdraw to pain 5 localize to pain 6 move on command
What 5 components go into calculating Trauma Score? - ANSWER- GCS, Systolic BP, Respiratory Rate, Capillary Refill, and Respiratory Effort.
What does TRISS determine? - ANSWER- Survivability
What 3 components make up TRISS? - ANSWER- ISS, RTS and patient's age.
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range - 6 to +12)
What are AIS components - ANSWER- body region, type of anatomic structure, type of anatomic structure,level, level,ais score
Name AIS body regions - ANSWER- Head Face Neck Thorax Abdomen & pelvis Spine Upper extremity Lower extremity External
Name the 7 AIS severity levels - ANSWER- Minor Moderate Serious Severe Critical Maximal (currently untreatable)
What is NISS - ANSWER- New (revised) injury severity score
What is TRISS - ANSWER- Trauma score injury severity score
What are components of TRISS - ANSWER- Age Mechanism of injury (blunt/penetrating) RTS ISS
What is M score - ANSWER- Finding different from the norm Characterizes case mix Based on ISS
What is Z score - ANSWER- How your hospital does against others Demonstrates performance National comparison
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inclusion criteria
another hospital; or, Death resulting from the traumatic injury. - ANSWER- ACS
American College of Surgeon: Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient - ANSWER- Definition of a "Trauma Patient" can be found here:
Any patient that has an injury in the code range between 800 and 959.9, but not one of the exclusion codes, for late effects of injury (905-909.9), superficial injuries, including blisters, contusions, abrasions, insect bites (910-924.9), and foreign bodies (930-939.9). and meets one of the three event criteria: Hospital admission; Patient transfer via emergency medical services transport from one hospital to
Three Types of Data Abstraction - ANSWER- Concurrent, Retrospective & Hybrid
Concurrent Abstraction - ANSWER- Daily abstraction while the patient is in house
Retrospective Abstraction - ANSWER- Abstraction after patient discharge.
Hybrid Abstraction - ANSWER- Data entry is begun during the patient encounter but the record is closed after patient discharge.
The American College of Surgeons registry staffing recommendation for manual data entry: - ANSWER- 1 full-time equivalent employee dedicated to the registry to process the data for approximately 750 to 1,000 patients annually
In order to run data for reporting the registrar needs to know several basic details: - ANSWER- What information is needed to identify the correct data fields, the time frame that is of interest, any related filters, and what format for display grouping, such as year, month, ISS range, age range, etc.
Format - ANSWER- Presentation Concept of the way that the viewer wishes to view the result of the data compiled. The format identifies how the data is to be displayed such as paper, website, dashboard, PowerPoint presentation, etc.
Tables - ANSWER- Show the actual data elements arranged in rows and columns.
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setting high standards for surgical education and practice.
surgeons created in 1913 to improve the quality of care for the surgical patient by
American College of Surgeons - ANSWER- An educational association of
Volume Interpretation - ANSWER- Data Totals, such as total patients. These can be easily visualized by a bar chart (similar to a histogram) showing different heights depicting variance from comparative items or periods of time.
Trends - ANSWER- A trend is a series of consecutive information/data that is all moving upward or downward as time progresses. A trend line can be overlaid onto the chart information/ data for the reader to more easily visualize if there is a trend over time.
PIPS - ANSWER- Process Improvement Patient Safety
PIPS Process Improvement Patient Safety - ANSWER- Uses the continuous process of recognition, assessment, and correction. This includes processes such as data collection, collation, analysis, modification, and instruction.
National Trauma Data Bank - ANSWER- A voluntary national data repository of information related to trauma patients.
The Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations - ANSWER- It is a national organization that provides standards so that hospitals may obtain accreditation for licensure and gain the right to receive payment from Medicaid and Medicare.
Created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, and the Canadian Medical Association. - ANSWER- Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Benchmarking - ANSWER- A standard by which something can be measured or judged, comparing like data over time with different organizations, providers, or with a recommended or desired outcome/standard.
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evaluation.
corrective action has the desired effect determined by on-going or repeat
PI and Loop Closure Result Evaluation - ANSWER- Demonstration that a
Filters - ANSWER- Tools that can be used to gather data into specifically defined groups, or a single item.
PI and Loop Closure Identification of Issues - ANSWER- Issues can be identified through many different avenues such as, communication from staff, patient satisfaction, risk management, chart review processes, trauma meetings/rounds, and direct patient interaction.
PI and Loop Closure Review of Issues - ANSWER- PI review process whereby the issue is brought to the Trauma Medical Director for evaluation, determination of issue and if there is a need for corrective action.
PI and Loop Closure Corrective Action - ANSWER- Examples of corrective actions are: new guidelines, protocol change , or pathway development and review, targeted education, enhanced resources/facilities, or communication, process improvement team implementation, counseling, peer review presentation, change in provider privileges or credentials, or external review.
Population Demographics - ANSWER- The demographics of a population involves analysis of differing grouping of items such as the population age, gender, residence, nationality, etc.
Sampling - ANSWER- The process of taking a small portion of a larger set of data to study in order to obtain a picture of the probable larger total population. This can save time and money.
Frequencies - ANSWER- Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating similar event that is identified within a defined set of reference.
Two Types of Statistics - ANSWER- Population Demographics and Sampling
Averages - ANSWER- Average or mean is the sum of the value of all integers divided by the total number of integers.
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Neck - ANSWER- Cervical vertebrae x 7, trachea, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, hyoid bone.
Facial Bones - ANSWER- 14 stationary bones and a lower jaw bone. Inferior nasal conchae x 2, lacrimal bones x 2, mandible, maxilla x 2, nasal bones and septum, palatine bones x 2, vomer, zygomatic bones x 2, eye, ear.
Chest - ANSWER- Thoracic spine, ribs 1-12, sternum, heart, bronchi and lungs, thoracic aorta, diaphragm, thoracic esophagus.
Abdomen - ANSWER- Liver, spleen, colon, rectum, small bowel, pancreas, kidneys, pelvis, uterus, bladder, stomach, gallbladder, retroperitoneum, abdominal aorta and other vessels.
Spinal Column - ANSWER- Cervical--7, thoracic--12, lumbar--5, sacrum— 5 (fused), coccyx (tailbone)—2, 3, or 4. Note: C1 = Atlas, C2 = Axis and has a "dens" (spikelike projection) that projects upward on which the atlas 14 rotates.
Vertebrae Parts - ANSWER- Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, foramen, lamina, superior and inferior articular processes. Note: The 5 separate bones of the sacrum begin to fuse during the late teen years and are usually completely fused by 25 or 26 years of age. Coccygeal vertebrae are also fused.
Upper Extremities - ANSWER- Shoulder girdle, humerus, ulna, radius, hand
Shoulder Girdle - ANSWER- Scapula and Clavicle Humerus - ANSWER- Median and lateral epicondyle (end of humerus), capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, deltoid tuberosity, greater & lesser tubercle, head & neck.
Ulna - ANSWER- Olecranon process (elbow), coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity, styloid process (projection at the distal end of the ulna).
Radius - ANSWER- Has a styloid process at the distal end
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Hand - ANSWER- Carpal bones x 8 (scaphoid, locate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate), metacarpals x 5, and phalanges (proximal x 5, middle x 5, distal x 5).
Upper Extremity Joints - ANSWER- Acromioclavicular, carpal bones (wrist), elbow, sternoclavicular, glenohumeral, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal.
Lower Extremities - ANSWER- Pelvic girdle, pelvis, legs, joints, ankle bones foot
Pelvis - ANSWER- Ilium, iliac crest, acetabulum, ischium, pubis, sacrum and sacroiliac joints.
Legs - ANSWER- Femur, patella (knee cap), tibia, fibula.
Lower Extremity Joints - ANSWER- Hip, knee, and ankle.
Ankle Bones - ANSWER- Lateral malleolus, medial malleolus
Foot - ANSWER- Tarsal bones (7), calcaneus (heel bone), talus, cuboid, navicular, first, second and third cuneiform), metatarsals, phalanges.
Skin - ANSWER- The largest organ, approximately 8 pounds for adult. Three layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
Number of Bones in Body - ANSWER- There are typically 206 bones in the body, though there may be up to about 226.
Amount of Blood in Adult Body - ANSWER- There are approximately 5 liters of blood in the average adult male of 75 kg.
Plain Films - ANSWER- Regular x-rays. Good for injuries involving bones and joints.
FAST - ANSWER- Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma is used as an initial diagnostic tool to identify intraperitoneal or pericardial free fluid.
