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Critical Thinking and Evidence Informed Practice
Information Literacy✔✔A set of abilities that enables an individual to acquire, evaluate, and use information. It is a learning process of being able to identify, understand, synthesize and apply knowledge.
6 Concepts of Information Literacy✔✔
- Authority is constructed and contextual
- Information creation as a process
- Information has value
- Research as inquiry
- Scholarship as conversation
- Searching as strategic exploration
Authority is constructed and contextual✔✔- Information resources reflect their creator's expertise and credibility
- Various sources/types of credible authority
- Contextual - information need determines the level of authority required
Information creation as a process✔✔- Information as a message shared via varying delivery methods
- Product reflects process of researching, creating, revising, and disseminating information
Information has value✔✔- A commodity (information can be sold), means of education, means to influence, and means of negotiating and understanding the world
- Legal/socioeconomic interests influence information production and dissemination
Research as inquiry✔✔- Research is iterative and depends upon asking increasingly complex or new questions whose answers in turn develop additional questions or lines of inquiry in any field.
Scholarship as conversation✔✔- Communities of scholars/researchers/professionals engage in sustained discourse with new insights
Searching as strategic exploration✔✔- Searching for information is often nonlinear and iterative, requiring the evaluation of a range of information sources and the mental flexibility to pursue alternate avenues as new understanding develops.
5 components of Information literacy✔✔
- Identify - the nature/ extent of the information
- Find - the information effectively
- Evaluate - the sources and their components
- Apply - the information to accomplish a specific purpose
- Acknowledge - the sources of information you use using references and bibliographies. Understanding what constitutes plagiarism.
Critical Thinking (Purposive thinking) ✔✔A process where different information is gathered, sifted, synthesized, and evaluated in order to understand a subject or issue. It engages our intellect as well as our emotions, perceptions, beliefs and biases on a subject. It involves purposeful thinking.
Purposeful thinking✔✔Using critical thinking to systematically and habitually apply criteria and intellectual standards to the thinking for a specific purpose
Critical Inquiry✔✔Encompasses critical reflection on actions. Process of purposeful thinking and reflective reasoning where HCPs examine ideas and assumptions, principals, beliefs, and actions in the context of nursing practice. It is the practice of asking questions about clinical practice.
Relationship between Critical thinking, Critical Inquiry, Information Literacy and EBP nursing practice? ✔✔Nursing is a knowledge based profession. Understanding information and how it is used in professional practice is key to EBP.
- EBP requires nurses to use information generated from research into informed decision making and actions intended to promote the health and wellbeing of patients.
- Critical inquiry supports EBP through focused examination of ideas, assumptions, principles, conclusions, beliefs, and actions in the context of nursing practice
Research problem✔✔Specific knowledge that is being sought that addresses a gap or contraindication in current knowledge within a specific topic area that a researcher believes is important and aims to address
topic. Must be comprehensive and as complete as possible and provide an analysis of what is currently known about a current topic and what may be missing.
Types of Search Strategies✔✔
- Bibliographic database - electronic search
- Ancestry approach
- Descendancy approach
Ancestry approach✔✔Using the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find earlier related studies "Footnote chasing"
Descendancy approach✔✔Use a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies that cite the pivotal study
Electronic Search✔✔Use of keywords or phrases to capture concepts. These do not have to be the same as the subject heading. Mapping - ft that allows you to search for topics using your own keywords Quan - keywords are the ind/dep variable and population. (I and O of PICO) Qual - keywords are the central phenomenon and population
Boolean Operators✔✔Ft that can expand/ limit or combine a search
- AND - restricts the search
- OR - expands a search
- NOT - narrows a search
Truncation Symbols - Wildcard Characters✔✔Can be used to extend a search on multiple words with the same root. (an asterisk * is often used)
Quotation marks - would yield the exact phrase to appear in the text field.
After identifying relevant citations the references must be? ✔✔Screened - For relevance
Documented - Make notes of which databases and keywords were used to find the citation
Abstracted and recorded - Take key pieces of information and put them into a table using a protocol - coding the characteristics of each study into a system
Evaluating and Analyzing - the evidence across the studies to find common themes/ patterns
Knowledge✔✔Knowing that can be communicated to others
- Propositional (formal) - originates from research and is generalizable
- Non-propositional (informal) - derived from practice and experience, is not generalizable
5 Ways of Knowing✔✔
- Empirical knowing (scientific competence) - scientific inquiry that provides objective evidence that is quantifiable and verifiable
- Ethical knowing (what is right) - understanding different philosophical positions regarding what is good, what ought to be desired and what is right
- Personal knowing (self-knowledge) - awareness of own responses, weaknesses, strengths, biases
- Aesthetic knowing - use empathy and creativity to formulate a response to a perception of human experience
- Emancipatory knowing - examine social problems to promote social change and address injustices
Quantitative Research Descriptions✔✔- Tests a hypothesis
- Orderly procedure
- Systematic/prespecified plan
- Control over context
- Empirical evidence
- Seeks generalizations
Qualitative Research Description✔✔- Dynamic design
- Holistic
- Context-bound
- Seeks patterns
- Concludes in a hypothesis (based on observed patterns)
Positivist Paradigm✔✔Reality exists: there is a real world driven by natural causes.
- Deductive process = hypothesis testing
- Focus on the objective and quantifiable
- Fixed, pre-specified design
- Seeks generalizations
Phase 5: Dissemination (communicate findings)
Qualitative Research Methods✔✔- Planning that study (research problem)
- Developing data collection strategies (emergent design)
- Gathering and analyzing (cyclical/ongoing)
- Disseminating findings (communicate results)
Evidence Hierarchy✔✔Aa model showing how evidence can be categorized from strong to weak
Level 1: Systematic literature review Level 2: Depends on type of question asked Level 3: Expert opinion/case reports
Belmont Report (1979) ✔✔Summarizes the basic ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research.
- Concern for welfare (beneficence)
- Respect for persons
- Justice
Code of Ethics✔✔A formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct
Concern for Welfare (beneficence) ✔✔- Right to freedom from harm and discomfort (minimize risks)
- Right to protection from exploitation (choice to refuse participation does not equate disadvantage)
Respect for persons✔✔- Right to self-determination (autonomous and free choice)
- Right to full-disclosure (informed consent)
Justice✔✔- Right to fair treatment (fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens)
- Right to privacy (least possible intrusion)
Classes of Quantitative Research✔✔- Experimental Research (clinical trials)
- Non-experimental Research (observational)
Classes of Qualitative Research✔✔- Grounded theory (describes key social processes)
- Phenomenology (people's lived experiences)
- Ethnography (patterns/lifestyles of specific groups)
