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Balancing Wildlife Tourism's Impact on Animals & Ecosystems, Lecture notes of Managerial Economics

Vancouver Island University (formerly Malaspina)Managerial Economics

The critical reading of a chapter from the book 'wildlife tourism' by k. Higginbottom. The effects of wildlife tourism on animals and their ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of minimizing human impact and ensuring sustainability. The author highlights various ways wildlife responds to human presence, including physiological responses and long-term impacts on populations and ecosystems.

What you will learn

  • How can we minimize the impact of wildlife tourism on animals and their ecosystems?
  • What are the long-term effects of wildlife tourism on animal populations and ecosystems?
  • What strategies can be implemented to ensure sustainable wildlife tourism?

Typology: Lecture notes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 10/02/2019

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CRITICAL READING FORM
Course Number: RMGT TOUR 259
Name: Carla Torres Hallon ID#: 657666830
Reading Title (APA Citation):
• Higginbottom, K. (2004). Wildlife tourism. Altona, Vic: Common Ground Publishing.
Favorite Quotation (and page number):
• “Wildlife tourism must be managed if the activity is to be sustainable and is to have
minimal impact on animals and their supporting ecosystems” (Higginbottom, 2004, p.
81).
Why the above?
• Is known that any human activity in wildlife tourism has an impact, and one of the
greatest impacts is the mortality of many species and how they react to being near a
human. Despite the fact that tourism makes a significant economic contribution to
developing countries, if there’s not a balance between tourism and the environment with
wildlife tourism, we are lost. We must be able to do tourism sustainable and in order to
achieve that, it’s necessary to be educated on the topic. Get to know how close can
someone approach to some species or in which moment of their life it's harmless to have
contact with it. Also, having adequate planning, consisting of trying to relate correctly the
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CRITICAL READING FORM

Course Number: RMGT TOUR 259

Name: Carla Torres Hallon ID#: 657666830

Reading Title (APA Citation):

  • Higginbottom, K. (2004). Wildlife tourism. Altona, Vic: Common Ground Publishing.

Favorite Quotation (and page number):

  • “Wildlife tourism must be managed if the activity is to be sustainable and is to have minimal impact on animals and their supporting ecosystems” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 81).

Why the above?

  • Is known that any human activity in wildlife tourism has an impact, and one of the greatest impacts is the mortality of many species and how they react to being near a human. Despite the fact that tourism makes a significant economic contribution to developing countries, if there’s not a balance between tourism and the environment with wildlife tourism, we are lost. We must be able to do tourism sustainable and in order to achieve that, it’s necessary to be educated on the topic. Get to know how close can someone approach to some species or in which moment of their life it's harmless to have contact with it. Also, having adequate planning, consisting of trying to relate correctly the

scale of development of the tourist activities with the specific potentialities of each place and therefore with the carrying capacity of the resources.

Least Favorite Quotation (page number):

  • “The seriousness of the effect of any tourism activity on wildlife can clearly vary from mild discomfort or inconvenience to local or even global extinction of a species, or disruption of communities and ecosystems, and it is not always easy to determine where a particular effect is likely to lie along this spectrum” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 92).

Why the above?

  • It was hard to find my least favorite quotation and I think it is that one because throughout the chapter I could read about how much damage we can cause to the animals due the wildlife tourism, which to be honest makes it a little uncomfortable to know that we are capable of causing them from a slight discomfort to the fact that a species can be completely extinguished! The thing is that it doesn't mention us specifically how can we improve and stop being a threat to species, because clearly, the solution is not to stop wildlife tourism, and it's important to say that wildlife tourism is always promoted by many countries due it's a big part of the economy.
  • “Approach distance can significantly influence the response of wildlife; however, visitor behavior will also be important (e.g. the response to people kneeling)” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 83).
  • “Wildlife may respond differently according to the breeding phase during which visitation occurs” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 83)
  • “Wildlife tourism can expose animals to frequencies and intensities of sound not normally encountered in their natural environment. Even sounds that may go unnoticed by humans can have significant effects on wildlife (Bowles 1995), with effects varying greatly according to the environment and the species” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 84).
  • “Nocturnal mammals, for instance, are regarded as having the most sensitive hearing among terrestrial vertebrates (Bowles 1995). Low-frequency noise can induce vibrations within both the substrate and a snake’s body, confusing the signals needed for prey detection. Sound attenuates differently under water than it does in air, often travelling greater distances” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 84).
  • “The responses of wildlife to external stimuli, such as approaches by tourists, are often first expressed in the physiological state of the animal” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 85).
  • (^) “Short-term effects are often temporary or transitory in nature, but not always inconsequential. If elicited frequently or repetitively, or during sensitive times of an animal’s life cycle, they may lead to cumulative impacts of significance to breeding groups, entire species or the ecosystem” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 85).
  • “An abrupt termination of hand-feeding can disadvantage animals that have developed a dependency on being fed and have lost the ability to forage naturally, resulting in potential behavioral problems and under-nourishment” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 87).
  • “Effects on non-target species may also occur when the target species is an important predator, prey or competitor of other species” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 90).
  • “Wildlife tourism can also increase wildlife mortality through the introduction and/or spread of exotic diseases” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 91).
  • (^) “The seriousness of the effect of any tourism activity on wildlife can clearly vary from mild discomfort or inconvenience to local or even global extinction of a species” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 92).
  • “Careful monitoring of changes in wildlife behavior, populations and habitat quality is essential for any quality wildlife tourism operation to continue without causing undue disturbance” (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 93).

Three questions about this reading you want to ask the authors:

  1. How can we reach a balance in which human beings can enjoy nature, with its fauna and flora, without doing so much harm to species?
  2. Would we compensate for the damage caused so far if we all became vegetarians from now on?
  3. What kind of campaigns could be done to minimize the impact on animals and their supporting ecosystems?