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Contextual Influences on Child Development, Exams of Nursing

Cranfield UniversityNursing

Various contextual factors that influence child development, including cognitive theories, gender development, racial and ethnic differences, risk factors for child maltreatment, substance use in adolescence, language components, sibling relationships, play, work, achievement motivation, self-concept and self-esteem, moral reasoning, prosocial behavior, aggression, sexual activity, family structures, and parenting styles. A wide range of topics related to child and adolescent development, providing insights into the complex interplay between individual, social, and environmental factors that shape human development across the lifespan.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/18/2024

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Fmst 210 Final Exam Study Guide (Kathy
Geaves) Questions With Answers
Dominant genetic inheritance and example - ANSWER- Each gene has two alleles, one
inherited from each parent, dominant is always expressed regardless of other allele its
paired with
Recessive allele - ANSWER- only expressed when paired with another recessive allele
incomplete dominance - ANSWER- A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles,
inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring
have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.
gene-environment interactions - ANSWER- interaction of genes and perosnal
enviornent will detemien different outcomes to different situations
range of reaction and example - ANSWER- we have a certain range of boundaries set
by genes, and r environemntal facotrs will determine where in that range we fall.
expression of height (phenotype) will be on upper boundary if access to proper nutrition
and healthcare
Canalization - ANSWER- the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some
characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. Most babies walk by 12
Maternal characteristics and behaviours - ANSWER- 1. maternal age
Complications when having a baby passed 35
- risk of down syndrome with high maternal age, particularly past 40
2. Nutrition
Nutrition of mothers and healthy babies is highly correlated. Mothers need 2-3k calories
a day, more than average. Lots of mothers lack access to adequate nutrition, more
likely people of colour, indigenous. Poor nutriton associated with poor growth before
and after birth
3. Maternal illness
- increase chance baby will have birth defect or illness
- rubella, zika virus, aids - all can be transferred to baby
- aids through breastfeeding
4. emotional well being
- Overall, stress during pregnancy risk the fetus- Exposure to chronic and severe stress
pose risks to fetus- Stress can raise fetus' heart rate and activity level- Child could have
symptoms of anxiety and ADHD
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Fmst 210 Final Exam Study Guide (Kathy

Geaves) Questions With Answers

Dominant genetic inheritance and example - ANSWER- Each gene has two alleles, one inherited from each parent, dominant is always expressed regardless of other allele its paired with Recessive allele - ANSWER- only expressed when paired with another recessive allele incomplete dominance - ANSWER- A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. gene-environment interactions - ANSWER- interaction of genes and perosnal enviornent will detemien different outcomes to different situations range of reaction and example - ANSWER- we have a certain range of boundaries set by genes, and r environemntal facotrs will determine where in that range we fall. expression of height (phenotype) will be on upper boundary if access to proper nutrition and healthcare Canalization - ANSWER- the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. Most babies walk by 12 Maternal characteristics and behaviours - ANSWER- 1. maternal age Complications when having a baby passed 35

  • risk of down syndrome with high maternal age, particularly past 40
  1. Nutrition Nutrition of mothers and healthy babies is highly correlated. Mothers need 2-3k calories a day, more than average. Lots of mothers lack access to adequate nutrition, more likely people of colour, indigenous. Poor nutriton associated with poor growth before and after birth
  2. Maternal illness
  • increase chance baby will have birth defect or illness
  • rubella, zika virus, aids - all can be transferred to baby
  • aids through breastfeeding
  1. emotional well being
  • Overall, stress during pregnancy risk the fetus- Exposure to chronic and severe stress pose risks to fetus- Stress can raise fetus' heart rate and activity level- Child could have symptoms of anxiety and ADHD
  1. Prenatal care
  • services provided to improve pregnancy outcomes -not all women get prental care level of education and ses associated with it
  • physical exam, weight check etc
  • Inadequate prenatal care is linked to low birth rate, preterm birth, and infant mortality contextual influences on pubertal timing - ANSWER- 1. SES
  • low ses families experience puberty sooner, more stress, lack of nutriton,
  1. Stress
  • leads to early onset of puberty. Family stress, school related
  • Causes early menarche -growing up in poverty can cause puberty sooner
  • Girls who are thin will experience the onset of puberty (menarche) later--> no access to any or proper food--> eating disorders
  1. Nutrition off timed puberty - ANSWER- when you start puberty later or earlier than on average Females before 8 and after 13 Boys: before 9 and after 14 -early linked with more problems than later Psychosocial Challenges of ReachingPuberty Early or Late - ANSWER- -girls will face more problems than boys: bullying self image, body shaming feeling different. Boys might be treated better, seen as older more mature and stronger -Tendency to seek out older peers due to physical appearance similarities--> Early maturation leads to individuals seeking out relationships with older peers- At risk for participating in age inappropriate activities (drugs, alcohol, sexual activities)- Boys will treat girls much older if they go through puberty earlyEarly maturation leads to involvement in age inappropriate relationships and risk-taking behaviour that can lead to: having sex earlier, higher rates of STI's, higher rates of teen pregnancy, teen moms, and abortions) Psychoanalytic: Theory of Human Development - ANSWER- Development and behaviour are the results of the interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control Freud - psychosexual theory - oral, anal Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Included the roleof the social world in shaping our sense of self - trust vs mistrust Operant conditioning - behaviourism theory - ANSWER- Behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences - skinner systems theory - ANSWER- Emphasizes the role of social context in development

working memory - ANSWER- The flynn effect - ANSWER- the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years Group and Contextual Differences in IQ - Socioeconomic Status (Know all three subheadings below) - ANSWER- education: Iq scores are closely related with education, higher education higher iq, better equation better iq Racial ethnic differences SES

  • account for racial differences
  • SES contributes to iq through nutrition, culture, differences in living conditions, school resources, health Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment - Parent Characteristics - ANSWER- - lack knowledge of child development -step kids more likely to abuse child than parents -difficulty managing emotions and impulses -less skilled in reading childs emotion
  • job or work stress
  • low ses -consumes alcohol or drugs frequently Marijuana Use in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood - Common Substance Used by Teens andYoung Adults - Canada Statistics - ANSWER- -24% of people between 15- report using marijuana in past 3 months -males more likely to consume or smoke it and drive
  • males more likely to smoke/consume thc, women view it more risky -no change in use after legalization
  • 14 average age of first use Five Basic Components that Underlie All Languages - ANSWER- Phonology: the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages pragmatics: understanding how to use language to communicate efficiently syntax: he arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. semantics: meaning or context of words and sentences
  • growing vocabualry signals increase in semantics Morphology: sounds can be combined to form words

Sibling Relationships - Parental Contributions - Positive and Negative - ANSWER- Positive □ Parents can facilitate a positive relationship between siblings Can also influence it negatively Authoritative parenting helps to form a secure attachment Positive parenting helps sibling to get along with each other Parent can be a role model about making a healthy relationship between each other Parents get along with their siblings (uncle and aunts) Promote positive sibling relationships by practicing conflict resolution between their kids As kids get older, you don't intervene because you thaught them how todo that ◊ You may supervise, but you should not intervene ▪ Negative □ no authoritative parenting, conflict resolution, etc. Showing favouritism A younger child may wonder why the older child gets privileges Shows that it's not favouritism, but because of the age difference kids get different privileges Some parents blatantly show favouritism Damages inter sibling relationship Damages the parent child relationship Physical and Socioemotional Benefits of Play - ANSWER- □ Building muscle Improving gross and fine motor skills Especially in rough and tumble play □ Learn to create rules In sociodramatic play □ Express their emotions □ Advances prosocial skills □ Kids that get along with their peers are more likely to engage in the classroom sociodrmatic play: replicating real life scenario, but fun, kid themed; play time Paid versus Unpaid Work - ANSWER- women spend 17.5 hours/week while men spend 10.5 hours/week doing unpaid work ▪ women seen as primary caretaker ▪ not seen in lesbian/gay couples (more of a balance in unpaid work because both are seen as primary caretakers) ▪ causes of conflicts in marriages/couples because of discrepancies Parental Influences on Vocational Choice - ANSWER- - Parents' own occupations themselves can often influence their children to follow the same career path

phonology - ANSWER- the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages pragmatics - ANSWER- understanding how to use language to communicate efficiently Semantics - ANSWER- semantics: meaning or context of words and sentences

  • growing vocabualry signals increase in semantics syntax - ANSWER- he arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. Self-Concept versus Self-Esteem - ANSWER- Self-Concept ● The way we describe ourselves ● Our assessment of our abilities, traits, and characteristics ● The way we see ourselves - which may not be in line with how others see us ● Self-concept is an ever-changing process, becoming more complex over our lifespan Self Esteem ● Based on evaluation ● Feeling of self-worth, self-acceptance, and self- respect ● Relies on cognitive development and a sense of self that emerges over the course of childhood Contextual Influences on Self Concept, Self-Esteem, and Identity Development - ANSWER- SES: -More opportunities, less work with high SES, with more opportunities more ways to value self Relationship with care givers
  • strong relationship with parents gives children sense of autonomy and become more comfortable exploring the world self efficacy
  • an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
  • women report lower perceived control
  • Higher SES = higher perceived control Greater perceived control = greater everyhting in life Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning - ANSWER- Care Orientation: Desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm Justice Orientation: Based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism, do whats right even if wrong Biological and Contextual Influences on Prosocial Behavior - ANSWER- Pro social behaviour: volunatry behaviour intended to help somone

Biological

  • some genes release more oxytocin - associated with attachment Contextual: -collectivist culture
  • children with siblings
  • strong caring parents that do things for them: sharing, comforting -self concious emotions such as guilt and pride contextual factors on aggression - ANSWER- Emerging Sexuality - ANSWER- Sexual desire does not just switch on at puberty, but undergoes a gradual development during childhood and adolescence that reflects a progressive integration of biological, social, and psychological transitions and experiences within changing social contexts ▪ Childhood self stimulation is common Teen Pregnancy - Protective Factors - ANSWER- - healthy relationships in life medical support, ses and stress all will improve outcomes of child birth or reduce risks of teenage pregnancy Sexual Activity Is Highest in Young Adulthood - ANSWER- The frequency of sexual activity declines with age, but sexual satisfaction often remains unchanged o Reasons for lack of sexual activity include physical problems, lack of interest, partner's lack of interest, partner's physical problems, and the loss of a partner Sexual Coercion/Sexual Assault - Contextual Influences - ANSWER- rape most common in toxic masculine places Lesbian and Gay Families - Children's Experiences - ANSWER- children raised by gay and lesbian parents may score higher in some aspects of social and academic competence, and show fewer social and behavioral problems and lower levels of aggression, than other children o children raised by lesbian mothers and gay fathers show similar patterns of gender identity and gender role development as children raised by heterosexual parents— Single-Parent Families - Children's Experiences - Protective Factors - ANSWER- providing their children with opportunities to interact with many caring adult family members and friends of the family; thus, children are raised as members of a larger African American community ▪ Often an adult male, such as an uncle or grandfather, takes on a fathering role, helping a child build competence and develop a relationship with a caring adult male

Ineffective Forms of Discipline - Spanking and Other Power Assertions - Parents who Use Physical Discipline - ANSWER- Parents who use it were likely spanked as child, young, they think it works and r stressed. As a result parent-child relationship suffers, child will be scared and hide things and will fear parents Children with ADHD, younger children and boys more likely to be spanked inductive discipline - ANSWER- a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behavior is wrong

  • Parents model effective conflict resolutionFocuses on - -- - behavior and not child's characteristics
  • Helps children internalize rules and standards Social Class Differences in North America - Concerted - ANSWER- Concerted cultivation (parents, soccer moms) □ Conscious effort to cultivate their children's talents □ School is the most important things, extra credits, play music, sports, etc. Kids who are going to university, parents try to add as many things as possible to their resumes □ ▪ ○ Working and under classes (poverty) Accomplishment of natural growth □ Not enough money to cultivate their children's talent □ Let the talent grow on naturally Strong relationships with extended family, more likely to live in a 3 generational houses □ Less likely to go to university, less likely to have high paying careers Information Processing in Adolescence - Decision Making - Risk-taking Behaviors - ANSWER- - more likely to make risky decisions Limbic kicks in and no longer make rational decisions Match the Four Parenting Styles with the Most Likely Outcomes for Children - ANSWER- Authoritative Parenting: Children raised with authoritative parenting often exhibit higher levels of self-esteem and competence, as these parents balance clear expectations with warmth and support. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children who may have lower self-esteem and struggle with decision-making due to the strict rules and lack of responsiveness in this parenting style. - angry, scared, can't decisons on thie own Children of permissive parents might experience challenges in self-control and academic achievement, as these parents are lenient and may avoid setting clear boundaries. - spoiled

Uninvolved (Neglectful) Parenting: The outcomes for children of uninvolved parents are often characterized by low self- esteem, academic difficulties, and behavioral problems, as these parents provide minimal supervision and support. - lakc of knowldege of emotions long-term memory - ANSWER- the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Stored until retrieved to be manipulated in working memory authoritarian parenting - ANSWER- style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child authoratative - ANSWER- a much more democratic style of parenting, rules are established and children are expected to follow them, but parents are more willing to explain why things are the way they are. permissive parenting - ANSWER- A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior. neglectful parenting - ANSWER- a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life contextual factors of agression - ANSWER- spanking and other power assertions by family exposure to violence whether that's domestic or community community factors which is basically lower SES will lead u to live in a more poor neighbourhood which may have higher rates of violence working memory - ANSWER- Working memory refers to the system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for various cognitive tasks. It is a limited capacity system that allows individuals to process and use information actively for tasks such as problem-solving, reasoning, and comprehension. central excuitve: chooses which infomration is relevant