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Contains the ethics in internet-based research, Lecture notes of Research Methods in Psychology

Ateneo de Naga University (ADNU)Research Methods in Psychology

This material contains: the topic of one's conduct in an internet-based research such as internet survey

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 01/29/2024

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Ethics in Internet-
Based Research
Internet Research Ethics
➔The analysis of ethical issues and
application research ethical
principles as they pertain to
research conducted on and in the
internet.
Internet Research Ethics: Key Issues
➔Issues of Privacy
➔Intellectual Property Rights
➔Trust
➔Authenticity
Ex. Davis et., (2010) highlighted the
disinhibiting effects of internet
communication.
Public or Private
➔One of the central issues
involves the question: What
constitutes the “public” and
“Private” spaces?
➔This question has implications
for whether or not informed
consent is required.
➔The literature supports the use
of informed consent in private
spaces but is less clear about
public spaces.
➔The boundaries in online
environments are less distinct.
➔Internet Researchers suggest
that to determine whether
informed consent is required, it
is first necessary to decide
whether the communication is
private or public.
➔Individuals who publish
information on the Internet
themselves may regard the
information as private, even
though it is technically
publicly-available
➔Others may be of the view that
the information is public, while
also having strong reservations
against the information being
used by others in new settings
and context such as research.
➔Some people view a personal
blog as a public arena, while
others consider the blog as
publicly-available, but with
private content.
➔Some internet forums restrict
access. Information provided
here is not clearly public or
private.
Free and Informed Consent
➔A request for consent to
participant observation may be
destructive for the very
interaction the researcher
wishes to study.
➔Contacting participants from
whom consent is desired after
the event may be difficult.
➔In some cases people pretend to
be someone other than
themselves.
➔Greater Effort to ensure that
persons who should not be
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Ethics in Internet-

Based Research

Internet Research Ethics ➔ The analysis of ethical issues and application research ethical principles as they pertain to research conducted on and in the internet. Internet Research Ethics: Key Issues ➔ Issues of Privacy ➔ Intellectual Property Rights ➔ Trust ➔ Authenticity Ex. Davis et., (2010) highlighted the disinhibiting effects of internet communication. Public or Private ➔ One of the central issues involves the question: What constitutes the “public” and “Private” spaces? ➔ This question has implications for whether or not informed consent is required. ➔ The literature supports the use of informed consent in private spaces but is less clear about public spaces. ➔ The boundaries in online environments are less distinct. ➔ Internet Researchers suggest that to determine whether informed consent is required, it is first necessary to decide whether the communication is private or public. ➔ Individuals who publish information on the Internet themselves may regard the information as private, even though it is technically publicly-available ➔ Others may be of the view that the information is public, while also having strong reservations against the information being used by others in new settings and context such as research. ➔ Some people view a personal blog as a public arena, while others consider the blog as publicly-available, but with private content. ➔ Some internet forums restrict access. Information provided here is not clearly public or private. Free and Informed Consent ➔ A request for consent to participant observation may be destructive for the very interaction the researcher wishes to study. ➔ Contacting participants from whom consent is desired after the event may be difficult. ➔ In some cases people pretend to be someone other than themselves. ➔ Greater Effort to ensure that persons who should not be

participating in the study are not recruited. ➔ Participants not adequately and correctly understanding the purpose of the research. Children’s Right to Protection ➔ In the context of research, children and youths are valuable informants and are entitled to be heard. ➔ This also applies to internet- based researchers. ➔ Internet use is a part of children’s activities and are often beyond the control of adults. ➔ Issues related to parental consent ➔ Difficulty to verify the respondents’ biological age. Personal Data, Confidentiality, and Anonymity ➔ People may be willing to volunteer personal and sensitive information in an Internet forum that in principle is available to all people, without intending for the statements to be shared or studied. ➔ Digital data can be linked by researchers (or others) in ways the individual has no knowledge of or has granted informed consent. ➔ It is also easier to track the informant’s identity when they use digital forums than when they use other information channels. ➔ Researchers may find it difficult to guarantee both that the data is, anonymous and that personal data will be deleted after the research project. ➔ Research leads to information being linked and generating new, sensitive information about identifiable individuals. Regard for third Parties ➔ Different forms of interaction on the internet often lead to the direct or indirect collection of data on persons who are not informants or whose data is use, so called third parties. ➔ Information provided by third- parties may also be of sensitive nature. ➔ The research may have an impact on the privacy and close relationship between individuals who are not included in the research. Use of quotes from the Internet ➔ Research on or using the internet can also use quotes. ➔ Quotes are understood here in a broader sense and may include data feeds, location data, photos, videos, etc. ➔ It is possible to trace the informant’s and third parties’ identity by performing a full

➔ The risks of harm arises when there is a disclosure of participant’s identity or any other sensitive information that may expose them to the risk of embarrassment, reputational damage, or legal prosecution. Ethical Practices for Internet- Based Research ➔ The evolving nature of internet- based strategies used for research necessitates researchers, ethicists, policy makers, and institutional review board members to address new ethical challenges that are emerging, and develop solution in a context- dependent manner. ➔ The most common concerns that arise in the research studies employing online methods include ensuring anonymity, maintaining confidentiality, and obtaining informed consent in a virtual setting. ➔ Ensure transparency in recruitment, especially while recruiting using an acquired email list or through closed or open social media groups. ➔ Consider participants’ expectations, perceptions and awareness about privacy. ➔ Ensure compliance to national data protection laws and the applicable ethical codes. ➔ Assign each participant unique identification number/ code to track progress and maintain security. ➔ Provide opportunities to participants to reach the research team or clarify concerns. ➔ Honor participants’ request to delete their records. ➔ Ensure encryption and Secured Socket Layer protection systems. ➔ Use password protected computer directory to store the data. ➔ Remove all identifiers before data analysis. ➔ Ensure no unauthorized person is able to access the data. ➔ Ensure that data are not used for subsequent non-research purpose.