Download Understanding Consciousness and Sleep: From Neurotransmitters to Hypnosis and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Consciousness
Awareness of self and EnvironmentOperational Definition of Consciousness:1. Wakefulness2. Alertness3. Awareness TERM 2
Notion of Consciousness
DEFINITION 2 Developed by Sigmund Freud TERM 3
Cognitive Approach
DEFINITION 3 Consciousness in terms of INFORMATION PROCESSINGConsciousness is reflected in:1. Controlled Processing2. Attention TERM 4
Controlled Processing
DEFINITION 4 Processes that are under VoluntaryControl(i.e. WITH conscious thought) TERM 5
Automatic Processing
DEFINITION 5 Processes that occur automatically(i.e. WITHOUT conscious thought)
Stroop Task
When automatic processes interfere with controlled processes TERM 7
Selective Attention
DEFINITION 7 Selectively concentrating on one thing while ignoring all othersAttended Stimuli: Consciously ProcessedUnAttended Stimuli: Unconsciously Processed TERM 8
Overt Attention
DEFINITION 8 Attending to something by directly looking/toucing/hearing it TERM 9
Covert Attention
DEFINITION 9 Mentally Focusing on an attended stimulus WITHOUT directly orientating towards it TERM 10
Divided Attention
DEFINITION 10 The ability to attend to more than one task at onceIf one or more tasks is AUTOMATIC(i.e. does require conscious processing), then you can divide attention between tasks
Antagonists
Decrease activity of neurotransmitters across the synapseAntihistaminesLithium TERM 17
Agonists: Increased neurotransmitter activity
DEFINITION 17
- Enhanced synthesis, storage or release2. Blocked Reuptake3. Mimics at Binding Site TERM 18
Depressants
DEFINITION 18 Decreases nervous system activity- Alcohol- Barbiturates/TranquillizersA depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain. TERM 19
Stimulants
DEFINITION 19 Increases nervous system activity- Cocaine TERM 20
Opiates
DEFINITION 20 Increases nervous system activityMorphine/Heroin
Hallucinogens
Increases nervous system activityLSD (Acid)MushroomsDecreases seritonin activity TERM 22
Marijuana
DEFINITION 22 Increases nervous system activity TERM 23
Nicotine
DEFINITION 23 Increases nervous system activityTobaccoIncreases acetylcholine activity TERM 24
Caffeine
DEFINITION 24 Increases nervous system activityCoffeeCola TERM 25
Drug Addiction
DEFINITION 25 The compulsive use of psychoactive drugsBiological Roots:Nucleus Accumbens "Reward centre"
Restoration Model
Sleep allows our body to "restore" itself, and to recover from physical/mental fatigue"Biochemical Housekeeping" TERM 32
Evolutionary Model
DEFINITION 32 Sleep is a function that increases a species' chance of survivial"Keep out of trouble" TERM 33
Memory Consolidation
DEFINITION 33 Strengthens neural connections for new information"Sleeping on a problem" TERM 34
Stages of
Sleep
DEFINITION 34 Sleep is Characterized by Electrical ActivityAwake and AlertBeta Waves = 15-30HZAwake and DrowsyAlpha Waves = 8-12HZ TERM 35
Non-REM
Sleep
DEFINITION 35
- Light Sleep (Transitional)2. Deeper Sleep3. Deeper Again4. Deepest Sleep
REM
Sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep is a unique phase of mammalian sleep characterized by random movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly. TERM 37
Insomnia
DEFINITION 37 Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep as long as desired. TERM 38
Narcolepsy
DEFINITION 38 Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.Difficulty in staying awake;During the day, subjects can spontaneously,1. Enter REM sleep2. Experience Cataplexy3. Experience dream-like hallucinations TERM 39
Sleep Apnea
DEFINITION 39 Inability to enter restful sleep because of difficulty breathingObstructive Sleep Apnea - Difficulty in breathing that is caused by tissue blocking upper airwaysCentral Sleep Apnea - Breathing difficulty arises because of a deficit in the neural signal regulating breathing TERM 40
Somnambulism (Sleep Walking)
DEFINITION 40 Subjects engage in activities normally associated with wakefulnessMore common in childrenMost likely to occur in stages 3 and 4 (Slow-wave sleep)
Jet Lag
Abrupt changes in environmental time will disrupt circadian rhythms TERM 47
Shift
Work
DEFINITION 47 Disrupted sleep/wake cycles due to shift work TERM 48
Hypnosis
DEFINITION 48 Subjects adjust cognitive processes in accordance with 'hypnotic' suggestionsA state of heightened suggestibility TERM 49
Facts about Hypnosis
DEFINITION 49
- Hypnosis is not sleep- Hypnotic susceptibility depends on the subject, not the hypnotist- Hypnosis does not force subjects to do things against their will- Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory
