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PGDCA (POST GRADUATION DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS) I. Computer Fundamentals(Theoretical Part) II. Windows(Operating System) III. MS-OFFICE a. MS-WORD(Documentation) b. MS-EXCEL(Workbooks and Used for Calculations) c. MS-POWER POINT(Presentation) d. MS-ACCESS(Data Base) IV. Internet Concepts Fundamentals Computer: Computer is a word which was derived from Latin word called “Computare”, which means “to add”, “to sumup”, or to sit together.. Computer à Comupte =Calculation. Actually we allow AC power supply to the system but it takes itself DC power supply through SMPS (switch mode power supply). The computers which we all are seeing today was introduced by a greatest English mathematical professor named “Charles Babbage”. He introduced in the year 1943. Actually he firstly introduced Analytical Engine later he Bought a basic framework to the computer. Generally like other words we don’t have any abbreviation (or) Full form to the computer, but in this generation it had become a major use. So, especially our men has created one abbreviation.
C à COMMONLY O à OPERATING M à MACHINE P à PARTICULARLY U à USED FOR T à TRADE E à EDUCATION R à RESEARCH As we move on we have to familiarize ourselves about the characteristics of computer…
- Speed: - Computers works at very high speed. A powerful computer is capable of performing 3 to 4 million instructions per second…
- Accuracy: - In Addition to be speed computers do the work very correctly. Computers don’t make any mistake. Here Mistake is called as Error. Error means inaccurate data and faulty designing in programmes of applications.
- Versatility:- It is nothing Capacity. Computers have very much capacity to do the work until it break down.
- Diligence:- Unlike humans system do not any feelings like headache, fever… etc.
- Storage:- A piece of information which is recorded it will be stored for lifelong. We can retrieve the data instantaneously… FUNDAMENTALS: Why we are using computers:
Input devices: The main function of the input devices is to give the input instruction or set of input instructions to the C.P.U Eg: 1) Key board: - This is the major input device used to give different types of data or instructions to the C.P.U Keyboard contains following keys: 1) Esc: to exit from the application in the middle. 2) Function keys: These keys are used to perform special functions and these keys are Starts from F1 – F12. Eg:- F1à to get the Help for respective application. 3) Alpha-Numeric keys: These keys are used to enter all the characters from a-z and A - Z And to enter all the numbers from 0 – 9. 4) Control keys: Control keys are used to implement some short cut steps like to close the applications, etc. Eg: Ctrl, alt, shift, caps lock, etc 5) Special keys: To perform some special operations like to move the cursor position to end of the sentence or to home of the sentence, etc. Eg: End, home, delete, backspace, insert, page down, page up, etc 6) Navigation keys: Navigation keys are used to move the cursor position in all directions Such as left (←), right (→), up (↑) and down (↓) 7) Numerical pad: Here the arrangement of keys is same like as calculator. So that we can enter numbers easily and we can also perform all arithmetical operations easily. 2) Mouse: It is the input device and used to move the cursor position in all directions easily. Different types of mousses: Right Key (To open the properties) Left Key (To Select the Objects)
- 2 keys mouse(left, right)
- 3 keys mouse(left, center, right)
- Scroll mouse
- Optical mouse 3) Scanner: Scanners are used to scan our photographs into the system. 4) Joystick: It is especially used to play the games. 5) Barcode Reader It is used to read the barcodes.it is also used to play the games 6) Light Pen, Track Ball, Digital Pen, Modem, Etc Out put devices: The main function of the output devices is to get the output to the respective input instru-ctions given by the input devices. Eg: 1) Monitor or screen (Major output device): It displays all instructions of the input devices, audio and video effects, etc. 2) Printers: These are used to take print out of the information that is stored on the system. 3) Speakers: Speakers are used to provide audio effects. C.P.U (Central Processing Unit): This device processes the data or information that is given by the input Devices and gives final result to the output devices. àIn this device further we have following 3 Units
- A.L.U
- C.U
- M.U 1) A.L.U(Arithmetic and Logic Unit) àThis unit performs arithmetic operations like follows,
- Multiplication (By repetition of addition) / % Division (By repetition of subtraction) Remainder àThis unit also performs following logical operations
- AND:
PROM (Programmable read only Memory): In this type of memory we can write some new programs. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only Memory): In this type of memory we can write some new programs and also erase previous programs by writing some new programs in the place of existing programs. Language: àComputer can understand only 2 symbols. That is 0’s and 1’s. àHence it has 2 digits it is called as binary language. It is also called as Machine Language.
- Low Level Language
- High Level Language
- Middle Level Language Translators: Translators are the mediators between the user and system and translate the information from machine understandable language to user understandable language and user understandable language to machine understandable language. ASCII: ASCII stands for American standard code for information interchange. Generally translators translates the information by using this ASCII codes E-g: A=65 a=97 0- B=66 b=98 9- ………………. à Memory Units (Memory Measurements) The Data in computer system is measured in BITS and Bytes. In Computers information or Data stored in the form of 0’s and 1’s. 0 or 1 à bit(binary digit) 4 bits à Nibble 8 bits à 1 byte. 1KB (Kilo Byte) à 1024 bytes 1MB (Mega Byte) à 1024 KB 1GB (GIGA Byte) à 1024 MB 1TB (Terra Byte) à 1024 GB Eg: CD (Compact Disk) à 700 MB Floppy à 1.44 MB Re - writable CD-24 à 700 MB DVD(Digital versatile Disk)à 4.7 GB
Pen Drives à1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB Hard Disk à 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 160 GB, 256 GB,500gb,1tb Generations of the computers: I generation: The duration starts from 1946 to 1955 and used hard ware component is “Vacuum tubes”. Uses à calculations, storage of information, etc Problems àIn this generation system size is very large and very less speed II generation: The duration starts from 1956 to 1965 and used hard ware component is “Transistors” in the place of vacuum tubes. Uses à Calculations, storage of information, etc à In this generation the size of the computer is decreased and speed is increased. III generation: The duration starts from 1966 to 1975 and used hard ware component is “integrated chips” (IC). In this generation languages and some multi user operating systems had developed. Usesà calculations, storage of information, business applications, Scientific applications, etc IV generation: The duration starts from 1976 to 1985 and used hard ware component is “Very large scale integrated chips” (VLSIC). Uses à calculations, storage of information, business applications, V generation ULSIC kips Advantages of Computers:
- Data storing
- Very high speed
- Data accuracy means Results would be given with out any mistake
- Data retrieving in very less time.
- Data calculations
- Data Processing Disadvantages of Computers:.
- Lack of Self thinking
System components are called as Hardware like Hard Disk, Ram, Motherboard, etc. Operating systems: Operating systems are mediators between software and hardware. And it provides an interface or environment between user and system to complete his requirements. àThere are following 2 types of operating systems 1) Single user operating system: In this operating system user can provide one and only one Command or instruction to the system at any time. We are unable to implement networking concepts using this type of Operating System.. **Eg: Ms-Dos (CUI)
- Multi user Operating system:** In this operating system user can give multiple commands or instructions to the system at the same time. For Networking concept we need to use any one of Multi user operating systems. Eg: Ms-Windows, LINUX Special characters used in Computers: ~ Tilda ! Exclamatory @ At the rate of
Hash
$ Dollar % Percentage ^ Carat & Ampersand
- Asterisk ( ) Parenthesis [ ] Square braces { } Flower braces ‘_’ Under score | Pipe / Forward slash \ Backward slash ‘ Single cote “ Double cotes
< > Angler braces Microsoft – Windows It is Multi user operating system, Multi tasking operating system that is no.of operations can be implemented at the same time or user can give number of commands at a time. It is GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating system. That is user can interact with the system through some graphical steps. It is User friendly Operating System that is every one can work with the system very easily. Networking concepts are possible by using this Operating system. Ms-windows(GUI) consists windows, desktop, all possible colors, Pictures, etc. A desktop contains icons, taskbar, backgrounds (wallpapers), etc. Windows Versions Version Year Windows 3.1 1993 Windows 95 1995 Windows 98 1998 Windows 2000 2000 Windows ME (Millennium) 2000 Windows XP 2001 Windows vista 2007 Windows 7 2009 Steps to create a Folder(Directory)/File àRight click on Desktop empty area àClick on new àClick on Folder/Text Document àType the name and press enter Steps to open a folder or file àDouble click on respective folder or file (Or) àSelect the required folder or file àRight click on that selected folder or file àclick on open. (Or) àSelect the required folder or file and click on enter key. To Rename a Folder/File àSelect Folder/File that you want to rename àRight click on that Folder/File
To change Background of desktop and Screen savers: Steps to set the background:
- Right click on desk top empty area
- Click on Properties
- Click on Background
- Select any background or wallpaper
- Click on Apply and ok Steps to set the screen savers:
- Right click on desktop empty area
- Click on Properties
- Click on Screen saver
- Select any one of screensavers
- Click on apply button and click on ok
Windows properties:
X
Work Area
Minimise Menu Bar Close Maximise or Restore File Edit View HoriZontal Scroll Bar Vertical Scrollbar ApplicationName-FileName Title bar
- Ms - Access :-This is used to create the databases like student records, emp records, etc. No I.Q.:- A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to the computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. Dependency:- It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans. Environment:- The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable. No Feeling:- Computers have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike humans. 1 st^ Generation:- The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. The main features of the first generation are − Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity
The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. The main features of second generation are − Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly AC required Supported machine and assembly languages 2 nd Generation:- The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. The main features of second generation are − Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly AC required Supported machine and assembly languages 3 rd^ Generartion:- The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. AI includes − Robotics Neural Networks Game Playing Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations Natural language understanding and generation S.No. Type Specifications 1 PC (Personal Computer) It is a single user computer system having moderately powerful microprocessor 2 Workstation It is also a single user computer system, similar to personal computer however has a more powerful microprocessor. 3 Mini Computer It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. 4 Main Frame It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. 5 Supercomputer It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users. S.No. Operation Description 1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system. 2 Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as and when required. 3 Processing Data Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. 4 Output Information The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as a printed report or visual display. 5 Control the workflow Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. Input Unit This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the computer. This unit creates a link between the user and the computer. The input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of the computer. CPU itself has the following three components − ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit The output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from the computer. This unit is a link between the computer and the users. Output devices translate the computer's output into a form understandable by the users. Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features − CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of the computer. CPU itself has following three components. Memory or Storage Unit Control Unit ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory or Storage Unit This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM). Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are − It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing. It stores intermediate results of processing. It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
