Computer Architecture and Organization - Introduction - V. Saritha, Study notes of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Computer Architecture and

Organization

Why this subject?

To acquire some understanding and appreciation

of a computer systems functional components,

their characteristics, their performance and their

interactions.

Need to understand computer architecture in

order to structure a program so that it runs more

efficiently on a real machine.

In selecting a system to use, they should be able

to understand the tradeoff among various

components such as CPU clock speed vs

memory size.

Evaluation Procedure

• Quiz – 1 (5M)
• CAT – 1 (15M)

[Part – A (4 x 5 = 20M), Part – B (3 x 10 = 30M)]

• Quiz – 2 (5M)
• CAT – 2 (15M)

[Part – A (4 x 5 = 20M), Part – B (3 x 10 = 30M)]

• Quiz – 3 (5M)
• Assignment / Mini project – (5M)
• Term End Exam – 50M

A Brief History of Computers

Babbage’s Differential Engine

(1823)

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer)

• Designed by Mauchly and Eckert
• University of Pennsylvania
• First general-purpose electronic digital computer
• Response to WW2 need to calculate trajectory

tables for weapons.

• Built 1943-1946 – too late for war effort.

ENIAC DetailsDecimal (not binary)

20 accumulators of 10 digits

Programmed manually by switches

1 8,000 vacuum tubes

30 tons

15,000 square feet

140 kW power consumption

5,000 additions per second

Vacuum Tube

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

John Mauchly leaning on the

UNIVersal Automatic Computer

The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe

computer

nd

Generation: Transistor Based Computers

Transistors replaced

vacuum tubes

Smaller

Cheaper

Less heat dissipation

Made from Silicon (Sand)

Invented 1947 at Bell Labs

William Shockley et al.

Commercial Transistor

based computers:



NCR & RCA produced

small transistor machines



IBM 7000



DEC – 1957 (PDP-1)

First transistor computer – Manchester University 1953.

rd

Generation: Integrated Circuits

A single, self-contained transistor is called a discrete component.

Transistor based computers – discrete components manufactured

separately, packaged in their

own containers, and soldered

or wired together onto circuit

boards.

Early 2

nd

generation

computers contained

about 10,

transistors – but grew to

hundreds of thousands!!!!

Integrated circuits

revolutionized electronics.

Silicon Chip – Collection of tiny transistors

Third Generation (1964-1971)

April 1964 IBM announces the System/

solid logic technology (integrated circuits)

family of “compatible” computers

1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600

nanoseconds

telecommunications

BASIC, Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code

Generations of Computers

Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 (One bit  Size of a hand)

Transistor - 1958-1964 (One bit  Size of a fingernail)

Small scale integration - 1965 on

Up to 100 devices on a chip

Medium scale integration - to 1971

100-3,000 devices on a chip

Large scale integration - 1971-

3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

Very large scale integration - 1978 to date

100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Ultra large scale integration

Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Thousands of bits

on the size of a

hand

Millions of bits

on the size of a

fingernail.