cmst1a03notes for first few lectures, Lecture notes of Communications Law

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basic principles of marxism the way in which it was operating was the problem

• capitalism responsible for misery of working class
• capitalism would eventually collapse upon itself
• capitalism relies on the exploitation of labour
• Goal of capitalism: produce profits to reinvest in more means of production companies move to areas in order to spend less on manufacture, in order for them to sell more meaning of capital: means of production are "capital" when they are the private property of some members of a society while all the others own no means of production - they are forced to work in order to make a living in fact, the others own little beyond ability to work does capitalism = expoltation? aspects of expoltation:
• workers produce more than they recieve in wage
• surplus is appropriated by someone else
• arrangement is imposed on workers by force - they do not have many other options, if they leave one company they will end up in a different company, but the same situation Exploitation is a feature of capitalism, not a bug” ( Svart, 2019) Marx revisited : political economy concerns
• privilage for some, but not for others
• constraints that shape peoples lives
• media supports those in power
• advertising is key in this partnership
• validates current political and social order

advertising overview: ● chief source of revenue for many media ● can be found in most forms of media ● symbolic value of content ● advertising pays the bills! advertising is the main source of revenue representation: ● putting ideas into medium of communication ● may be simplified ● may be interperted differntly, depending on reciever's context ● may also be understood as process of signification semiotics: ● signification: meaning comes from signs ● sign = signifier and signified ● signifier is the actual object or thing in the question ● signified is the concept we associate with the signifier ● may be quite arbitrary - there might be an association we have but its not neccesarily logical ● we construct meaning! consiously/unconsiously, most of what we are doing comes back to this and the thought of "this conveys something" we have some kind of backgournd which we use to interpert the world signification and meaning: We construct meaning Everything we do relates back to process of signification ● Intertextuality is part of this process meaning grounded in relationship we find between different texts. i.e. our background affects interpretation signs: three types (according to peirce) icon: looks like object it describes index: related to object it represents symbol: word, image, sign that bears no resemblance to what it signifies.

how do we approach content? ● encoding/decoding ● staurt hall - how did he play with notions of representation? he was intrested in the fact that people would approach content diffrently. encoding: producer can imbed messages into a media text, but its up to the audience to decode the message.this can be concious or unconsious. we are not always aware of our conciousness when being advertised to. ● readings can be: ○ dominant - you accept the meaning the exact way the producer wanted you to ○ opositional - we have the oposite reaction to what they producer wanted ○ negotiated - somehwere in between encoding and decoding; ● common set referents: "ideas, situations and cicumstances that can be reffered to or reppresented in media products" ● relationship between agency/structure approches to studying content ● literary critisim ● structuralism, semiotics, post-strcturalism ● discourse analysis ● critical political economy ● content analysis - a method ● by genre or media form discourse analysis: ● language is not neutral ● can shape our understanding of the world ● this can also evolve into a form of control ● critical discourse analysis (van Dijk; fairclough) ● no objective reality, your relaty is related to how you experientce the world

critical political economy; ● capitalist system shapes or limits the media available to us ● media messages constructed witht he goal of profit ● some messages mat thus be suppressed ● one aspect you cannot leave our is who actually makes these forms of media? media are made for profit, so they are not neccesarily made with the citizens best intrest at heart. cultural studeis analysis: ● cultu