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British history was gained a national identity especially with the help of Queen Elizabeth and her defeat of the Spanish armada. This was known as the greatest victory in British history.
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British history was gained a national identity especially with the help of Queen Elizabeth and her defeat of Spanish armada. This was known as the greatest victory in British history. She was also successful in handling the problems between Catholics and Protestants. After Queen Elizabeth had died, there was a conflict between monarchy and parliament. With her death, the Tudors period closed and the Stuart period was started. The Tudors were more successful than The Stuart monarchs. There were religious problems in England, but by the 17th century, these religious problems increased further and even caused a civil war. English society divided into religious groups. The reasons for the civil war were religious, economic, and political. The political reason was the crown and the parliament. The aristocrats who support the crown were Catholics. The ones who support parliament were protestant and also they were coming to the middle class of Britain. He supported divine rights and he believed that the king was chosen by God and only God judge the king. He refused the parliament and he ruled his country without parliament. Just like his father James, Charles I was Catholic and he refused the parliament. But then he accepted parliamentary rights just because he needed money and he could not raise money without parliament. There was a group of people named Puritans, and they supported the Scottish Presbyterians and wanted a democratic church. They hated Charles because he supported the Anglican church and he married a French Catholic. And this marriage caused problems. In this period, Prutanism became strong and Puritans were members of the Parliament. During this century the House of Commons became stronger than House of Lords. House of Commons had a lot of money and they began to demand political power. Also, farmer classes were rich. William Laud who was an Archbishop of Canterbury brought back into the Anglican Church many Catholic practices. Also, he tried to introduce the new prayer book in Scotland but the result was national resistant. Parliament wanted to have a say in the administration, but King Charles I did not give parliament the authority they wanted. Scottish army started a rebellion against Charles but he had no power to defeat them without parliament. So he had to respect Scottish political and religious freedoms and also paid huge money to them. Charles depended on parliament because of money and he ruled with the parliament for a short time and accepted their law. The law was the parliament had to meet at least once every three years. But this promise was not kept by Charles. The Civil War started in 1642 and most of the people did not want to involve. Cavaliers who were the groups of
Royalists supported King Charles. Parliamentarian soldiers had short hair and because of this, King Charles called them “Roundheads”. Roundheads supported by most of the merchants and by the navy. After a while, Royalists became poorer and they gave up to fight against Parliamentarians and they finally defeated. People were happy because the war ended. During the 17th century, there were some radical changes in life and thought, and there were also many scientific inventions and discoveries. People realized that everything in the universe had an explanation. Also, the international position of England was changed. Britain regained political power and created many new colonies. This was started a competition among Britain, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands. King Charles was arrested for betrayal and executed. He was the only king who was executed in England in the 17th century. After the death of the first Charles, his son Charles II became king of England. The monarchy lost its previous power when the last Stuart, Queen Anne died. Democracy prevailed against absolute monarchy.