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CHAPTER 6: NURSING CARE FOR THE FAMILY IN NEED OF REPRODUCTIVE LIFE PLANNING
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Reproductive life planning includes all the decisions an individual or couple make about whether and when to have children, how many children to have, and how they are spaced. Abstinence or refraining from sexual relations, has a theoretical 0% failure rate and is also the most effective way to prevent STIs. Natural family planning methods, also called periodic abstinence methods, are, as the name implies, methods that involve no introduction of chemical or foreign material into the body Lactation Amenorrhea Method as long as a woman is breastfeeding, there is both natural suppression of ovulation and the return of menses Coitus interruptus (withdrawal) is one of the oldest known methods of contraception. Postcoital Douching douching following intercourse, no matter what solution is used, is ineffective as a contraceptive measure as sperm may be present in cervical mucus as quickly as 90 seconds after ejaculation, long before douching could be accomplished. Fertility awareness methods rely on detecting when a woman will be capable of impregnation (fertile) so she can use periods of abstinence during that time. Calendar (Rhythm) Method a couple to abstain from coitus on the days of a menstrual cycle when the woman is most likely to conceive. Basal Body Temperature Method Just before the day of ovulation, a womanās basal body temperature (BBT), or the temperature of her body at rest. Coitus (sexual relations) Cervical Mucus Method (Billingās Method) another method to predict ovulation is to use the changes in cervical mucus that occur naturally with ovulation. Spinnbarkeit It feels slippery (like egg white) and stretches at least 1 inch before the strand breaks, a property. Symptothermal Method control combines the cervical mucus and BBT methods. Standard Days Method: CycleBeads designed for women who have menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days Ovulation Detection another method to predict ovulation is by the use of an over-the- counter ovulation detection kit. Barrier methods are forms of birth control that place a chemical or latex barrier between the cervix and advancing sperm, so sperm cannot reach and fertilize an ovum. Spermicides is an agent that causes the death of spermatozoa before they can enter the cervix. Male condom is a latex rubber or synthetic sheath that is placed over the erect penis before coitus to trap sperm. CHAPTER 6: NURSING CARE FOR THE FAMILY IN NEED OF REPRODUCTIVE LIFE PLANNING
Condoms for females are sheaths made of latex or polyurethane, prelubricated with a spermicide so, the same as male condoms, they offer protection against conception as well as STIs and HIV. Diaphragm is a circular rubber disk that is placed over the cervix before intercourse to mechanically halt the passage of sperm. Cervical Caps is made of soft rubber shaped like a thimble, which fits snugly over the uterine cervix. Oral contraceptives, commonly known as the pill, OCs (for o ral c ontraceptive), or COCs (for c ombination o ral c ontraceptives), Monophasic pills which contain fi xed doses of both estrogen and progestin throughout a 21-day cycle Biphasic or preparations that deliver a constant amount of estrogen throughout the cycle but varying amounts of progestin Triphasic and tetraphasic preparations, which vary in both estrogen and progestin content throughout the cycle. Transdermal Contraception refers to patches that slowly but continuously release a combination of estrogen and progesterone. Subdermal Hormone Implants progestin-fi lled miniature rod no bigger than a matchstick ( Implanon ) can be embedded just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. Intramuscular Injections A single intramuscular injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progesterone given every 12 weeks, inhibits ovulation, alters the endometrium, and thickens the cervical mucus so sperm progress is difficult. Intrauterine Devices is a small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus through the vagina. Vasectomy a small puncture wound (referred to as ānoscalpel technique) is made on the scrotum. The vas deferens on each side are then pulled forward, cut and tied, cauterized, or plugged, blocking the passage of spermatozoa ( Tubal Ligation the fallopian tubes are occluded by cautery, crushed, clamped, or blocked, thereby preventing passage of both sperm and ova.. Natural Family Planning ļ¬ Abstinence ļ¬ Lactation Amenorrhea method ļ¬ CoitusI nterruptus ļ¬ Postcoital Douching Fertility Awareness Method ļ¬ Calendar (Rhythm) Method ļ¬ Basal Body Temperature ļ¬ Cervical Mucus Method