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CC102 Module 2 Lesson 5 Notes, Lecture notes of Criminology

Wilfrid Laurier UniversityCriminology

Hotes from lesson 5 of module 2 lecture and textbook

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 12/12/2020

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Lesson 5: Police Strategies & Operations:
Models of Policing:
Professional Model of Policing: Reactive, incident-driven & centered on random
patrol (Introduced in the 20s & 30s)
® Based on 3 R’s: (1) Random Patrol, (2) Rapid Response & (3) Reactive
Investigation
® Random patrol of neighborhoods under the rationale that high police visibility will
serve as a deterrent > Watch system
® Patrolling on foot / in service vehicles waiting for emergency calls / intervening
when they observe sus / illegal activity (Crime is not solved by police only coming
when they're called)
® Reactive model to crime as police response is driven by calls for service rather
than attempts to gather info for long-term anal
® Sir Robert Peel introduce the patrol function of policing in the early 1800s
® Believed that police patrols & visibility served 3 purposes:
1. Deterrence of crime
2. Maintenance of public order and a feeling of security
3. 24hr provision of services not directly related to crime
Incident-Driven Patrol: Role of police is primarily to respond to citizen calls for help
® Functions:
1. Deter crime by maintaining visible police presence
2. Maintain public order within patrol areas
3. Enable police departments to respond quickly to law violations
4. Identify & apprehend law violators
5. Aid people & care for those who can’t help themselves
6. Facilitate movement of traffic & people
7. Obtain statements from crime victims & witnesses
Community Policing:
Community Policing: Philosophy of policing centered on police-community
partnerships & problem solving (Adopted in the 80s)
® Police assume an active role in the community (Diverse roles) > Community
meetings and public education programs can provide police the opportunity to
share info & receive feedback
® Based on 3 P’s: (1) Prevention, (2) Problem-Solving & (3) Partnership
® Combat crime & focus on improving the quality of life & reducing fear of crime
among community (Ex: Community policing mini station / storefront station found
in neighborhoods decentralizes policing and serves to create a community police
presence)
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Lesson 5: Police Strategies & Operations: Models of Policing: Professional Model of Policing: Reactive, incident-driven & centered on random patrol (Introduced in the 20s & 30s) ® Based on 3 R’s: (1) Random Patrol, (2) Rapid Response & (3) Reactive Investigation ® Random patrol of neighborhoods under the rationale that high police visibility will serve as a deterrent > Watch system ® Patrolling on foot / in service vehicles waiting for emergency calls / intervening when they observe sus / illegal activity (Crime is not solved by police only coming when they're called) ® Reactive model to crime as police response is driven by calls for service rather than attempts to gather info for long-term anal ® Sir Robert Peel introduce the patrol function of policing in the early 1800s ® Believed that police patrols & visibility served 3 purposes:

  1. Deterrence of crime
  2. Maintenance of public order and a feeling of security
  3. 24hr provision of services not directly related to crime Incident-Driven Patrol: Role of police is primarily to respond to citizen calls for help ® Functions:
  4. Deter crime by maintaining visible police presence
  5. Maintain public order within patrol areas
  6. Enable police departments to respond quickly to law violations
  7. Identify & apprehend law violators
  8. Aid people & care for those who can’t help themselves
  9. Facilitate movement of traffic & people
  10. Obtain statements from crime victims & witnesses Community Policing: Community Policing: Philosophy of policing centered on police-community partnerships & problem solving (Adopted in the 80s) ® Police assume an active role in the community (Diverse roles) > Community meetings and public education programs can provide police the opportunity to share info & receive feedback ® Based on 3 P’s: (1) Prevention, (2) Problem-Solving & (3) Partnership ® Combat crime & focus on improving the quality of life & reducing fear of crime among community (Ex: Community policing mini station / storefront station found in neighborhoods decentralizes policing and serves to create a community police presence)

Community-Based Strategic Policing: (Emerged in the 90s) Incorporates the key principals of community policing with crime prevention, crime response & crime attack approaches (Specific ex of the community policing approach) ® Ex of this approach: Compstat (Aka Computer Stats) : Strategy designed to increase effectiveness & efficiency of police services while holding police accountable for achieving crime reducing objectives o Use of crime maps that illustrate the incidence & patterns of specific types of criminal activity > Identifies crime hot spots Environmental Scans: Study of demographic factors in each jurisdiction designed to identify future trends & challenges that the police may face in that area o Crime data is anal to provide intelligence to police on where crimes are being committed & by who > Heavy emphasis on crime fighting Intelligence-Led Policing: Guided by the collection of data & systemic anal of info that is used to inform police decision-making at the tactical & strategic level Predictive Policing: Use of stat anal to identify the time & location of where crime is likely to occur Crime Prevention: Crime Prevention Programs: Designed to disrupt potential crime by identifying the conditions & opportunities that lead to crime & removing / altering the conditions ® 3 main approaches in crime prevention:

  1. Primary Crime Prevention Programs: Identify opportunities for crime & alter those conditions to reduce the likelihood of the crime being committed Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Focuses on the physical urban & landscape design to reduce opportunities for crime o Based on Oscar Newmans book Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban design > Argues that the physical design of a neighborhood can provide / deny opportunities for crime o Characterized by 4 elements: i. Territorial: Extent to which a physical space conveys that its “owned” / has a specific purpose ii. Natural Surveillance: Exploiting aspects of physical space to increase surveillance / the sense an area is being observed iii. Image: Physical attributes of an area / message a physical space conveys iv. Milieu: Surroundings of an area & using those surroundings to make space more defensible
  2. Secondary Crime Prevention Programs: Focuses on areas that produce crime

SHOP (Serious Habitual Offender Program & Multi-Disciplinary Resource Team) : Monitors the activities of offenders both during and after custody to reduce crime MDRT: Focuses on early intervention & support for high-risk youths in the city ROPE (Repeat Offender Program Enforcement Squad) : Locates & apprehends criminals who are unlawfully at large because they have violated their release from custody, failed to return to custody / have escaped IPPI (Integrated Police-Parole Initiative) : Police are placed in parole offices of Correctional Service Canada to monitor the activities of high-risk offenders into the community Community Notification: Community Notification: Practice of advising the media, crime victims & public when certain offenders are released Measuring the Effectiveness of The Police: Measured by:

  1. Crime Rates: Official police-reported crime
  2. Clearance Rates: Proportion of the actual incidents known to police that result in identification of suspect Crime Displacement: Relocation of criminal activity from one locale to another (Due to effective crime prevention and crime response initiatives) > Instead of reducing crime the program has just moved it Anonymous and Creep Catchers: Guardians of Justice / Vigilantes?:
  • New feature of the CJ landscape has been the rise of groups attempting to address the shortcomings of the CJS with respect to the prevention & response to crime
  • These groups often have public support for targeting persons who may pose a risk to the community > On the other hand, there are dangers in these groups usurping the authority of the police & potentially, violating the rights of citizens who are targeted Anonymous: o Use the Internet as a platform to hold alleged offenders and the CJS accountable o Unknown in size and are distinguished by their Guy Fawkes masks o They identify people through doxing / an online “treasure hunt” searching for clues in online sources Ex: The Death of Amanda Todd
  • Amanda Todd a 16-year-old from B.C. hung herself as the result of her nude photos circulating
  • She was convinced by a stranger on the internet to show him her breasts, he posted them
  • Anon became involved in the case & alleged in a recorded statement on UTube that they had identified the man who had blackmailed her
  • Published his name and address, he received death threats
  • Police investigated & found that Anon had identified the wrong person Ex: The Death of Rehtaeh Parsons
  • Rehtaeh Parsons a 17-year-old from N.S. who committed suicide as the result of her rape video being posted online
  • The RCMP investigated the case but there were no arrests or charges
  • Anon identified 4 individuals who they stated were responsible for the sexual assault
  • 2 men, who were identified by Anonymous, were charged and convicted Creep Catchers: o Pose as underage youth on the internet to catch child predators o When an adult responds, a meeting is set for a public place, at which time members of Creep Catchers confront the person, recording the encounter as evidence for the police o Have been criticized for violating the privacy rights of citizens, whereas others have praised the group as providing a service to the community and protecting potential victims